High-intensity exercise induces structural, compositional and metabolic changes in cuboidal bones — findings from an equine athlete model

Abstract Fatigue fracture of cuboidal bones occurs in the human foot as well as the equine carpus. The racehorse provides a naturally-occurring model to study the effects of high-intensity exercise on the morphology and metabolism of cuboidal bones. We studied both the mineral and the collagenous ma...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Bone (New York, N.Y.) Vol. 43; no. 4; pp. 724 - 733
Main Authors:	Tidswell, H.K, Innes, J.F, Avery, N.C, Clegg, P.D, Barr, A.R.S, Vaughan-Thomas, A, Wakley, G, Tarlton, J.F
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY Elsevier Inc 01-10-2008 Elsevier Science
Subjects:	Alkaline Phosphatase - metabolism Animals Biological and medical sciences BMD Bone Bone Density Calcium - metabolism Collagen Collagen - metabolism Equine Fatigue fracture Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Horses - physiology Injuries of the limb. Injuries of the spine Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 - metabolism Medical sciences Models, Animal Orthopedics Phosphates - metabolism Physical Conditioning, Animal - physiology Tarsal Bones - anatomy & histology Tarsal Bones - chemistry Tarsal Bones - metabolism Traumas. Diseases due to physical agents Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems BMD Equine Bone Fatigue fracture Collagen Physical exercise Human High intensity Diseases of the osteoarticular system Fatigue Fracture Athlete Trauma Morphology Models
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Summary:	Abstract Fatigue fracture of cuboidal bones occurs in the human foot as well as the equine carpus. The racehorse provides a naturally-occurring model to study the effects of high-intensity exercise on the morphology and metabolism of cuboidal bones. We studied both the mineral and the collagenous matrix of the third (C3 ) and radial (Cr ) carpal bones of raced and non-raced Thoroughbred (TB) horses. We hypothesised that racehorses would show increases in the mineral component of these bones and post-translational modifications of the collagenous matrix alongside changes in markers of collagen remodelling and bone formation. C3 and Cr carpal bones were retrieved from raced TB horses ( n = 14) and non-raced TB horses ( n = 11). Standardised proximal–distal sections were taken from each bone and these were sliced transversely to study the proximal–distal differences in bone metabolism from the subchondral plate through to trabecular bone. Histomorphometry and bone mineral density measurements were performed in parallel with biochemical analyses including total collagen, collagen synthesis and cross-links, matrix metalloproteinases-2 and 9 and their inhibitors, calcium and phosphate, and bone alkaline phosphatase. The results of this study show that, while there is a net increase in bone formation in the racehorses, there is additionally an increase in bone collagen synthesis and remodelling, particularly within the trabecular regions of the bone. The increase in bone density would lead to greater stiffness, particularly in the cortical bone, and failure of this ‘stiffer’ cortical bone may result from its lack of support from the rapidly remodelling and structurally weakened underlying trabecular bone.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2
ISSN:	8756-3282 1873-2763
DOI:	10.1016/j.bone.2008.06.003