A comprehensive assessment of macro and microplastics from Rivers Ganga and Yamuna: Unveiling the seasonal, spatial and risk factors

There have been growing apprehensions and concerns regarding the increasing presence of plastic pollutants in the holiest river of India, the Ganga, and its major tributary, Yamuna. In response to this issue, the current study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the seasonal and spatia...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of hazardous materials Vol. 469; p. 133926
Main Authors:	Gupta, Priyansha, Saha, Mahua, Naik, Akshata, Kumar, M. Manish, Rathore, Chayanika, Vashishth, Shrish, Maitra, Shukla Pal, Bhardwaj, K.D., Thukral, Harsh
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 05-05-2024
Subjects:	Environmental Monitoring Ganga and Yamuna River Geologic Sediments Microplastics Plastic flux Plastics Risk assessment Risk Factors Seasons Sediment Surface-water and water-column Water Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis PP PS PU EPR POPs TPD PVP CFP PLI LDPE HDPE PHI CPCB GBM OECD PVAL ANOVA FTIR Risk assessment SDG QA/QC UNEP Plastic flux Sediment AIM PTFE EVOH d.w PCA EVA MPs PA IGP Ganga and Yamuna River PE IUCN Surface-water and water-column PIP MOFA PVA PVC PAM PET ATR PES
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Summary:	There have been growing apprehensions and concerns regarding the increasing presence of plastic pollutants in the holiest river of India, the Ganga, and its major tributary, Yamuna. In response to this issue, the current study aimed to conduct a comprehensive investigation of the seasonal and spatial distribution of macro to microplastics (MPs) in the surface water, water column, and sediments from the River Ganga and Yamuna. MP samples were collected from various points of these Rivers, including upstream, downstream, and drainage points around the vicinity of Haridwar, Agra, Prayagraj, and Patna cities. With a significant seasonal variation, the estimated MPs and plastic flux were higher during the wet season than during the dry season. MPs sized 300 µm-1 mm and fibre-shaped blue and black colored MPs were pre-dominant in both rivers. Polyacrylamide, polyamide, and polyvinyl chloride were the most ascertained polymers. MPs including hazardous polymers (hazard score >1000) may pose a risk to the population of Indo-Gangetic Plain via direct and indirect exposure to MPs. The information provided in this study could serve as a starting point for the action plan required by municipal corporations to mitigate plastic pollution and target the possible sources at each location. [Display omitted] •Microplastics (MPs) were detected in River Ganga from Haridwar to Patna stretch.•MPs were abundant in all matrices i.e. surface water, water column and sediments.•The MPs concentration was highest during wet (rainy) season than the dry season.•MPs sized 300 µm-5 mm, fibre-shaped, blue and polymers of PAM & PA were dominant.•The high hazard polymers in MPs may pose risk to the Indo-Gangetic plain.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0304-3894 1873-3336 1873-3336
DOI:	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133926