Characterization and Diagnosis of Cancer by Native Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Human Urine

Urine is one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has different metabolites in it, where many of them are native fluorophores. Native fluorescence characteristics of human urine samples were studied using excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) over a range of excitation and emission wavele...

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Published in:	Photochemistry and photobiology Vol. 89; no. 2; pp. 483 - 491
Main Authors:	Rajasekaran, Ramu, Aruna, Prakash Rao, Koteeswaran, Dornadula, Padmanabhan, Loganathan, Muthuvelu, Kulandaivel, Rai, Ram Rathan, Thamilkumar, Palraj, Murali Krishna, Chilakapati, Ganesan, Singaravelu
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-03-2013
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Aged Biomarkers - urine Breast Neoplasms - diagnosis Breast Neoplasms - urine Cancer Case-Control Studies Discriminant Analysis Female Flavins - urine Fluorescence Head and Neck Neoplasms - diagnosis Head and Neck Neoplasms - urine Humans Male Medical diagnosis Metabolites Middle Aged NAD - urine ROC Curve Spectrometry, Fluorescence - statistics & numerical data Spectrum analysis Urine Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - diagnosis Uterine Cervical Neoplasms - urine
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Summary:	Urine is one of the diagnostically important bio fluids, as it has different metabolites in it, where many of them are native fluorophores. Native fluorescence characteristics of human urine samples were studied using excitation–emission matrices (EEMs) over a range of excitation and emission wavelengths, and emission spectra at 405 nm excitation, to discriminate patients with cancer from the normal subjects. The fluorescence spectra of urine samples of cancer patients exhibit considerable spectral differences in both EEMs and emission spectra with respect to normal subjects. Different ratios were calculated using the fluorescence intensity values of the emission spectra and they were used as input variables for a multiple linear discriminant analysis across different groups. The discriminant analysis classifies 94.7% of the original grouped cases and 94.1% of the cross‐validated grouped cases correctly. Based on the fluorescence emission characteristics of urine and statistical analysis, it may be concluded that the fluorophores nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavins may be considered as metabolomic markers of cancer. Characterisation of urine of normal subjects and cancer patients and discriminating them were carried out by native fluorescence spectroscopic techniques viz., Excitation emission matrix and Fluorescence emission spectroscopy (FES) at 405 nm excitation. The EEM and FES reveals that there is a considerable variation in the emission indicating that the emission characteristics of urine metabolites, flavin and its derivatives have altered photophysical characteristics.
Bibliography:	ark:/67375/WNG-P2X457Z8-K istex:B26CCF3761EBF32A496107F57777F94BD90467BF ArticleID:PHP1239 Board of Research in Nuclear Sciences - No. 2009/34/38/BRNS/3206 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0031-8655 1751-1097
DOI:	10.1111/j.1751-1097.2012.01239.x