APHRODITE: A Compact Lab-on-Chip Biosensor for the Real-Time Analysis of Salivary Biomarkers in Space Missions

One of the main challenges to be faced in deep space missions is to protect the health and ensure the maximum efficiency of the crew by preparing methods of prevention and in situ diagnosis. Indeed, the hostile environment causes important health problems, ranging from muscle atrophy, osteopenia, an...

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Published in:	Biosensors (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 2; p. 72
Main Authors:	Nardi, Lorenzo, Davis, Nithin Maipan, Sansolini, Serena, Baratto de Albuquerque, Thiago, Laarraj, Mohcine, Caputo, Domenico, de Cesare, Giampiero, Shariati Pour, Seyedeh Rojin, Zangheri, Martina, Calabria, Donato, Guardigli, Massimo, Balsamo, Michele, Carrubba, Elisa, Carubia, Fabrizio, Ceccarelli, Marco, Ghiozzi, Michele, Popova, Liyana, Tenaglia, Andrea, Crisconio, Marino, Donati, Alessandro, Nascetti, Augusto, Mirasoli, Mara
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-01-2024
Subjects:	Aerospace engineering Aerospace medicine Analytical chemistry Astronauts Atrophy Biological markers Biomarkers biosensor Biosensors Bioterrorism Chemical tests chemiluminescence Cortisol Deep space Dehydroepiandrosterone Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate Developing countries Emergency medical care Emergency medical services Health aspects Health problems Health risk assessment Health risks Hormones Hydrocortisone hydrogenated amorphous silicon photosensors Immune system Immunoassay Immunology International Space Station Lab-on-a-chip lab-on-chip LDCs Manned space flight Measurement Methods Microgravity Microorganisms Moon Nanoparticles Osteopenia Pathogens Process controls Radiation Radiation effects Reagents Real time Salivary diagnostics Space exploration Space flight Space stations Subsystems Systems design Time measurement Ultrasonic imaging Viral infections Viruses Italy International Space Station lab-on-chip biosensor chemiluminescence hydrogenated amorphous silicon photosensors immunoassay
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Summary:	One of the main challenges to be faced in deep space missions is to protect the health and ensure the maximum efficiency of the crew by preparing methods of prevention and in situ diagnosis. Indeed, the hostile environment causes important health problems, ranging from muscle atrophy, osteopenia, and immunological and metabolic alterations due to microgravity, to an increased risk of cancer caused by exposure to radiation. It is, therefore, necessary to provide new methods for the real-time measurement of biomarkers suitable for deepening our knowledge of the effects of space flight on the balance of the immune system and for allowing the monitoring of the astronaut's health during long-term missions. APHRODITE will enable human space exploration because it fills this void that affects both missions in LEO and future missions to the Moon and Mars. Its scientific objectives are the design, production, testing, and in-orbit demonstration of a compact, reusable, and reconfigurable system for performing the real-time analysis of oral fluid samples in manned space missions. In the frame of this project, a crew member onboard the ISS will employ APHRODITE to measure the selected target analytes, cortisol, and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), in oral fluid, in four (plus one additional desired session) separate experiment sessions. The paper addresses the design of the main subsystems of the analytical device and the preliminary results obtained during the first implementations of the device subsystems and testing measurements on Earth. In particular, the system design and the experiment data output of the lab-on-chip photosensors and of the front-end readout electronics are reported in detail along with preliminary chemical tests for the duplex competitive CL-immunoassay for the simultaneous detection of cortisol and DHEA-S. Different applications also on Earth are envisaged for the APHRODITE device, as it will be suitable for point-of-care testing applications (e.g., emergency medicine, bioterrorism, diagnostics in developing countries, etc.).
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2079-6374 2079-6374
DOI:	10.3390/bios14020072