Imaging the cellular components of the immune system for advancing diagnosis and immunotherapy of cancers

Immunotherapy has gathered momentum in the advanced generation of cancer therapeutics. Many unresectable resistant tumor subtypes are ideal candidates for immunotherapy; however, the efficacy is limited because of heterogeneity of both malignant cells and non-malignant cells of the tumor microenviro...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Materials today advances Vol. 10; p. 100138
Main Authors:	Bhise, K., Sau, S., Alzhrani, R., Rauf, M.A., Tatiparti, K., Iyer, A.K.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Ltd 01-06-2021 Elsevier
Subjects:	Immune-imaging probes Immune-oncology Personalized cancer therapy Single-cell RNA sequence analysis Personalized cancer therapy Immune-imaging probes Single-cell RNA sequence analysis Immune-oncology
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Summary:	Immunotherapy has gathered momentum in the advanced generation of cancer therapeutics. Many unresectable resistant tumor subtypes are ideal candidates for immunotherapy; however, the efficacy is limited because of heterogeneity of both malignant cells and non-malignant cells of the tumor microenvironment, including stromal and immune cells. The success of immunotherapy is largely dependent on the population of individual immune cell types between patients of the same tumor subtype, and the expression of biomarkers that are expressed by the components of the immune system. Hence, it is imperative to first identify the components of the immune system, visualize these populations in the tumor microenvironment, and then devise specifically targeted immunotherapies. In this review, we have outlined strategies to characterize the cellular components of the immune system with clinically relevant imaging modalities. The importance of high dimensional analyses including mass cytometry and unbiased single-cell RNA sequence analysis in visualizing the ideal candidates for immunotherapy has been discussed. This review stresses the importance of immuno-imaging as a means to further develop targeted immunotherapies for cancer. Essential roadmap of the molecular imaging system, as applied to imaging of the immune system for a better immunotherapy outcome. [Display omitted] •Immunotherapy shows variability in response across different cancer subtypes.•Tumor heterogeneity and the differential infiltration of tumor-associated immune cells influences the patient outcome.•Visualizing interactions between components of the immune system may help in advancement of immunotherapy for cancer.•Mapping these diverse interactions may pave way for personalized cancer immunotherapy.
ISSN:	2590-0498 2590-0498
DOI:	10.1016/j.mtadv.2021.100138