OPTICAL MICROSCOPY AND SEM FOR IDENTIFYING CLOGGING MATERIAL IN A DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to apply optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques to identify and assess dripper clogging of an irrigation system. Three dripper models (Taldrip, Streamline, and Tiran) underwent 1200 hours of irrigation with three types of effluents: tr...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Caatinga Vol. 31; no. 4; pp. 997 - 1007
Main Authors:	Ribeiro, Maycon Diego, Azevedo, Carlos Alberto de, Santos, Delfran Batista dos, Szekut, Flavio Daniel, Klein, Márcio Roberto, Reis, Claudia Facini
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Mossoro Universidade Federal Rural do Semiárido 01-12-2018 Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido
Subjects:	AGRICULTURE, DAIRY & ANIMAL SCIENCE AGRONOMY Algae Biofilms Calcium Chemical precipitation Clogging Domestic wastewater Drip irrigation Effluent treatment Emitters Emitters (electron) FISHERIES FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY FORESTRY Irrigation Irrigation systems Microscopes Optical microscopy Organic chemistry Precipitates Scanning electron microscopy Smear VETERINARY SCIENCES Wastewater Wastewater treatment Water supply Water treatment Water Clogging Obstrução Água Gotejadores de irrigação localizada Irrigation system drippers
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Summary:	ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to apply optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) techniques to identify and assess dripper clogging of an irrigation system. Three dripper models (Taldrip, Streamline, and Tiran) underwent 1200 hours of irrigation with three types of effluents: treated domestic wastewater, water with a high calcium content, and urban water supply. Samples of the material adhered to the inside of drippers were analyzed by means of the smear method aiming at their biological identification. Other samples were taken to obtain SEM images. The presence of algae, bacteria, and biological components of biofilm was observed in drippers operating with wastewater and water with calcium, this latter in a low number. The formation of biofilm and chemical precipitates of calcium were observed in SEM images, leading to emitter clogging. Optical microscopy and SEM analyses allowed identifying the degree of fouling by biofilm and chemical precipitates in dripper clogging. RESUMO O objetivo da pesquisa foi aplicar as técnicas de microscopia óptica e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) para identificar e avaliar os causadores da obstrução dos gotejadores de irrigação localizada. Três modelos de gotejadores (Taldrip, Streamline e Tiran) foram submetidos a 1200 horas de irrigação com três tipos de efluentes: água residuária de esgoto doméstico tratado água com elevado teor de cálcio e água de abastecimento urbano. Amostras do material aderida no interior dos gotejadores foram analisadas pelo método de esfregaço para fazer a identificação biológica, outras amostras foram retiradas para realizar as imagens com MEV. Foi possível verificar a presença de algas, bactérias e componentes biológicos do biofilme, tanto nos gotejadores operando com água residuária, quanto naqueles que operavam com água com cálcio, esta última em menor quantidade. Nas imagens com MEV foi possível verificar a formação de biofilme que causou a obstrução dos emissores e também os precipitados químicos de cálcio. A análise por MEV e microscopia óptica permitiu identificar o grau de incrustação por biofilme e precipitados químicos na obstrução de gotejadores.
ISSN:	0100-316X 1983-2125 1983-2125
DOI:	10.1590/1983-21252018v31n423rc