Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Potential Implications for Clinical Practice

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and is rising in incidence with widespread prevalence. Multiple gene variants are associated with glucose homeostasis, complex T2DM pathogenesis, and its complications. Exploring more effective therapeutic strategies for patients w...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine Vol. 14; pp. 1441 - 1455
Main Authors:	Venkatachalapathy, Poongothai, Padhilahouse, Sruthi, Sellappan, Mohan, Subramanian, Tharunika, Kurian, Shilia Jacob, Miraj, Sonal Sekhar, Rao, Mahadev, Raut, Ashwin Ashok, Kanwar, Rupinder Kaur, Singh, Jitendra, Khadanga, Sagar, Mondithoka, Sukumar, Munisamy, Murali
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New Zealand Dove Medical Press Limited 01-01-2021 Taylor & Francis Ltd Dove Dove Medical Press
Subjects:	antidiabetic drugs Antidiabetics Care and treatment Clinical medicine Clinical trials Customization Dextrose Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (non-insulin dependent) Diabetes therapy Diabetics Disease prevention Drug therapy Evidence-based medicine Gene loci Genes Genetic aspects Genome-wide association studies Genomes Genomics Genotyping Glucose Health aspects Homeostasis Hypoglycemic agents Insulin resistance Metabolism Mutation Pathogenesis Patients personalized medicine Pharmacogenetics Pharmacogenomics Polymorphism Population Potassium Precision medicine Proteins Review Thiazolidinediones Transcription factors Tumor necrosis factor-TNF Type 2 diabetes α-Glucosidase China India pharmacogenomics type 2 diabetes antidiabetic drugs personalized medicine
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Summary:	Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common form of diabetes, and is rising in incidence with widespread prevalence. Multiple gene variants are associated with glucose homeostasis, complex T2DM pathogenesis, and its complications. Exploring more effective therapeutic strategies for patients with diabetes is crucial. Pharmacogenomics has made precision medicine possible by allowing for individualized drug therapy based on a patient's genetic and genomic information. T2DM is treated with various classes of oral hypoglycemic agents, such as biguanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidinediones, meglitinides, DPP4 inhibitors, SGLT2 inhibitors, α-glucosidase inhibitors, and GLP1 analogues, which exhibit various pharmacogenetic variants. Although genomic interventions in monogenic diabetes have been implemented in clinical practice, they are still in the early stages for complex polygenic disorders, such as T2DM. Precision DM medicine has the potential to be effective in personalized therapy for those suffering from various forms of DM, such as T2DM. With recent developments in genetic techniques, the application of candidate-gene studies, large-scale genotyping investigations, genome-wide association studies, and "multiomics" studies has begun to produce results that may lead to changes in clinical practice. Enhanced knowledge of the genetic architecture of T2DM presents a bigger translational potential. This review summarizes the genetics and pathophysiology of T2DM, candidate-gene approaches, genome-wide association studies, personalized medicine, clinical relevance of pharmacogenetic variants associated with oral hypoglycemic agents, and paths toward personalized diabetology.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	1178-7066 1178-7066
DOI:	10.2147/PGPM.S329787