gSG6-P1 salivary biomarker discriminates micro-geographical heterogeneity of human exposure to Anopheles bites in low and seasonal malaria areas

BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, a sharp decline of malaria burden has been observed in several countries. Consequently, the conventional entomological methods have become insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate micro-geographical heterogeneity of exposure and subsequent risk of malari...

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Published in:	Parasites & vectors Vol. 6; no. 1; p. 68
Main Authors:	Sagna, André Barembaye, Sarr, Jean Biram, Gaayeb, Lobna, Drame, Papa Makhtar, Ndiath, Mamadou Ousmane, Senghor, Simon, Sow, Cheikh Saya, Poinsignon, Anne, Seck, Modou, Hermann, Emmanuel, Schacht, Anne-Marie, Faye, Ngor, Sokhna, Cheikh, Remoue, Franck, Riveau, Gilles
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Springer-Verlag 15-03-2013 BioMed Central Ltd BioMed Central
Subjects:	Adult Animals Anopheles Anopheles - pathogenicity Biological markers Biomarkers Biomarkers - blood Biomedical research Child Child, Preschool children Epidemiology Female Freshwater Human Experimentation Human health and pathology Humans Immune response immunoglobulin G Immunoglobulin G - blood Infant Infectious diseases Insect Bites and Stings Insect Proteins - immunology Life Sciences Longitudinal Studies Malaria Malaria - transmission Male Measurement Mosquitoes Peptides Population density Prevention risk Rural Population Salivary Proteins and Peptides - immunology Seasons Senegal Statistical analysis surveys Topography, Medical Vector control villages Senegal France Africa, West, Senegal R Antibodies Biomarker Low transmission Salivary peptide Malaria Anopheles exposure
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Summary:	BACKGROUND: Over the past decade, a sharp decline of malaria burden has been observed in several countries. Consequently, the conventional entomological methods have become insufficiently sensitive and probably under-estimate micro-geographical heterogeneity of exposure and subsequent risk of malaria transmission. In this study, we investigated whether the human antibody (Ab) response to Anopheles salivary gSG6-P1 peptide, known as a biomarker of Anopheles exposure, could be a sensitive and reliable tool for discriminating human exposure to Anopheles bites in area of low and seasonal malaria transmission. METHODS: A multi-disciplinary survey was performed in Northern Senegal where An. gambiae s.l. is the main malaria vector. Human IgG Ab response to gSG6-P1 salivary peptide was compared according to the season and villages in children from five villages in the middle Senegal River valley, known as a low malaria transmission area. RESULTS: IgG levels to gSG6-P1 varied considerably according to the villages, discriminating the heterogeneity of Anopheles exposure between villages. Significant increase of IgG levels to gSG6-P1 was observed during the peak of exposure to Anopheles bites, and decreased immediately after the end of the exposure season. In addition, differences in the season-dependent specific IgG levels between villages were observed after the implementation of Long-Lasting Insecticidal Nets by The National Malaria Control Program in this area. CONCLUSION: The gSG6-P1 salivary peptide seems to be a reliable tool to discriminate the micro-geographical heterogeneity of human exposure to Anopheles bites in areas of very low and seasonal malaria transmission. A biomarker such as this could also be used to monitor and evaluate the possible heterogeneous effectiveness of operational vector control programs in low-exposure areas.
Bibliography:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1756-3305-6-68 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1756-3305 1756-3305
DOI:	10.1186/1756-3305-6-68