Durability of Ultem 9085 in Marine Environments: A Consideration in Fused Filament Fabrication of Structural Components

Durability of Ultem 9085 in Marine Environments: A Consideration in Fused Filament Fabrication of Structural Components

The long-term durability of polymer components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in marine conditions is poorly understood. Here, fused filament fabrication (FFF) of Ultem 9085 was conducted and accelerated aging was performed. Two printing orientations (-45/45° and 0/90°) and two sample types...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Polymers Vol. 16; no. 3; p. 350
Main Authors: Wang, Xiong Julia, Travis, Carly, Sorna, Mark T, Arola, Dwayne
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 28-01-2024
Subjects:
3D printing
accelerated aging
Aging
Analysis
Calorimetry
Chemical bonds
Cleavage
Climate change
Cooling
Durability
Elongation
Equilibrium
Exposure
Fused deposition modeling
fused filament fabrication
High temperature
Hydrogen bonding
Hydrogen bonds
Hydrolysis
Identification and classification
Low temperature
Manufacturing
Marine environment
Mechanical properties
Methods
Modulus of elasticity
Moisture content
Polycarbonates
Polyetherimide
Polyetherimides
Polymers
Properties
Raw materials
Seawater
Tensile tests
Thermogravimetric analysis
Thermogravimetry
Ultem 9085
Ultimate tensile strength
Water chemistry
United States
accelerated aging
Ultem 9085
hydrolysis
fused filament fabrication
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Summary:The long-term durability of polymer components produced by additive manufacturing (AM) in marine conditions is poorly understood. Here, fused filament fabrication (FFF) of Ultem 9085 was conducted and accelerated aging was performed. Two printing orientations (-45/45° and 0/90°) and two sample types (ASTM D638 Type 1 and Type 4) were produced and subjected to accelerated aging in either seawater or air. Results from tensile tests showed that the elastic modulus, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength increased after seawater aging, whereas the elongation to failure decreased. Results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative-TGA curves indicated that hydrolysis occurred after seawater exposure to the polycarbonate (PC) component and changes in structure or hydrogen bonds formed in the polyetherimide (PEI) component. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that physical aging occurred after short exposure periods and low temperature. Longer exposures and higher temperatures resulted in increasing plasticization by water and scission of the PC molecules. Results from Raman suggest that hydrolysis of the PC occurred, with a reduction in free volume produced by physical aging or hydrogen bonding with water molecules. These results highlight that Ultem 9085 is susceptible to degradation in marine environments, and there are two primary mechanisms, including physical and chemical aging. Their specific contribution is highly sensitive to the aging temperature and require careful selection in accelerated aging evaluations.
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ISSN:2073-4360
2073-4360
DOI:10.3390/polym16030350