Tropical forest and peatland conservation in Indonesia: Challenges and directions

Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drai...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	People and nature (Hoboken, N.J.) Vol. 2; no. 1; pp. 4 - 28
Main Authors:	Harrison, Mark E., Ottay, Juliarta Bramansa, D’Arcy, Laura J., Cheyne, Susan M., Anggodo, Belcher, Claire, Cole, Lydia, Dohong, Alue, Ermiasi, Yunsiska, Feldpausch, Ted, Gallego‐Sala, Angela, Gunawan, Adib, Höing, Andrea, Husson, Simon J., Kulu, Ici P., Soebagio, Siti Maimunah, Mang, Shari, Mercado, Lina, Morrogh‐Bernard, Helen C., Page, Susan E., Priyanto, Rudy, Ripoll Capilla, Bernat, Rowland, Lucy, Santos, Eduarda M., Schreer, Viola, Sudyana, I. Nyoman, Taman, Supardi Bin Bakeri, Thornton, Sara A., Upton, Caroline, Wich, Serge A., Veen, F. J. Frank, McPherson, Jana
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-03-2020 Wiley
Subjects:	Adaptive management Agricultural management Anthropogenic factors Biodiversity Carbon Climate change Community involvement Conservation Drought Economics Emissions Feedback fire forest Forest management Forests Harvesting Human influences Kalimantan Language Local government Outdoor air quality Peatlands peat‐swamp forest Plantations Politics Regeneration Restoration Revegetation revitalization rewetting Threats Timber Tropical forests Borneo Asia Sumatra Indonesia
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Summary:	Tropical forests and peatlands provide important ecological, climate and socio‐economic benefits from the local to the global scale. However, these ecosystems and their associated benefits are threatened by anthropogenic activities, including agricultural conversion, timber harvesting, peatland drainage and associated fire. Here, we identify key challenges, and provide potential solutions and future directions to meet forest and peatland conservation and restoration goals in Indonesia, with a particular focus on Kalimantan. Through a round‐table, dual‐language workshop discussion and literature evaluation, we recognized 59 political, economic, legal, social, logistical and research challenges, for which five key underlying factors were identified. These challenges relate to the 3Rs adopted by the Indonesian Peatland Restoration Agency (Rewetting, Revegetation and Revitalization), plus a fourth R that we suggest is essential to incorporate into (peatland) conservation planning: Reducing Fires. Our analysis suggests that (a) all challenges have potential for impact on activities under all 4Rs, and many are inter‐dependent and mutually reinforcing, implying that narrowly focused solutions are likely to carry a higher risk of failure; (b) addressing challenges relating to Rewetting and Reducing Fire is critical for achieving goals in all 4Rs, as is considering the local socio‐political situation and acquiring local government and community support; and (c) the suite of challenges faced, and thus conservation interventions required to address these, will be unique to each project, depending on its goals and prevailing local environmental, social and political conditions. With this in mind, we propose an eight‐step adaptive management framework, which could support projects in both Indonesia and other tropical areas to identify and overcome their specific conservation and restoration challenges. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article. Hutan dan lahan gambut tropis memberikan manfaat ekosistem, iklim dan sosial‐ekonomi penting untuk skala lokal sampai global. Akan tetapi, ekosistem hutan dan lahan gambut beserta manfaatnya terancam oleh tindakan‐tindakan antropogenik, diantaranya konversi ke pertanian, pemanenan hutan, drainase gambut dan kebakaran. Disini, kami mengidentifikasi tantangan‐tantangan kunci, dan memberikan solusi‐solusi potensial serta arahan‐arahan di masa depan guna mencapai tujuan‐tujuan restorasi dan konservasi gambut di Indonesia dengan fokus khusus di Kalimantan. Melalui lokakarya dwi‐bahasa dan diskusi meja bundar serta evaluasi literatur, kami mengenali 59 tantangan‐tantangan politik, ekonomi, legal, sosial, logistik dan penelitian, yang mana lima faktor kunci mendasar berhasil teridentifikasi. Tantangan‐tantangan terkait dengan adopsi 3Rs oleh Badan Restorasi Gambut (Rewetting, Revegetation dan Revitalization) dan ditambah R yang ke‐empat yang kami sarankan penting untuk dimasukkan ke dalam perencanaan konservasi (gambut): pengurangan kebakaran (Reducing Fire). Analisis kami menyarankan bahwa (a) seluruh tantangan semuanya memiliki dampak potensial terhadap keseluruhan kegiatan 4Rs, dan kebanyakan saling ketergantungan dan saling memperkuat, yang secara implisit bahwa fokus solusi yang bersifat sempit akan beresiko tinggi mengalami kegagalan; (b) penanganan tantangan terkait pembasahan gambut dan pengurangan kebakaran merupakan hal pokok guna pencapaian tujuan 4Rs secara keseluruhan, dengan mempertimbangkan situasi sosial‐politik lokal dan memproleh dukungan pemerintah daerah dan masyarakat setempat; dan (c) dengan kesesuaian dari tantangan‐tantangan yang dihadapi sehingga intervensi‐intervensi konservasi diperlukan guna mengatasinya sehingga akan menjadi hal yang unik untuk setiap proyek tergantung dengan tujuan dan kondisi‐kondisi politik, sosial dan lingkungan yang berlaku. Dengan pemikiran ini, kami mengajukan suatu kerangka kerja pengelolaan ‘delapan langkah adaptif’ yang mana dapat mendukung proyek‐proyek baik di Indonesia atau wilayah‐wilayah tropis lainnya guna mengidentfikiasi dan mengatasi tantangan‐tantangan khusus restorasi dan konservasi. A free Plain Language Summary can be found within the Supporting Information of this article.
ISSN:	2575-8314 2575-8314
DOI:	10.1002/pan3.10060