Waterpipe Use and Its Cardiovascular Effects: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Case-Control, Cross-Sectional, and Non-Randomized Studies

Approximately 100 million people globally smoke cigarettes, making it a significant and quickly spreading global tobacco epidemic. Substance use disorders are frequently evaluated by non-randomized studies. Tobacco use and its impacts on the cardiovascular system were the subjects of a comprehensive...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Curēus (Palo Alto, CA) Vol. 15; no. 2; p. e34802
Main Authors:	Mahfooz, Kamran, Vasavada, Advait M, Joshi, Arpit, Pichuthirumalai, Srikrishnan, Andani, Rupesh, Rajotia, Arush, Hans, Aakash, Mandalia, Bilvesh, Dayama, Neeraj, Younas, Zara, Hafeez, Nosheen, Bheemisetty, Niharika, Patel, Yash, Tumkur Ranganathan, Hemalatha, Sodala, Ashok
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Cureus Inc 09-02-2023 Cureus
Subjects:	Bias Cardiology Cardiovascular disease Cigarettes Epidemiology/Public Health Fatalities Laboratories Meta-analysis Smoking Statistical analysis Substance Use and Addiction Systematic review Tobacco Water pipes cardiovascular disease heated tobacco products non-randomized studies tobacco use disorder waterpipe
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Summary:	Approximately 100 million people globally smoke cigarettes, making it a significant and quickly spreading global tobacco epidemic. Substance use disorders are frequently evaluated by non-randomized studies. Tobacco use and its impacts on the cardiovascular system were the subjects of a comprehensive search across five electronic databases: Cochrane, MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed. The findings demonstrated that waterpipe smokers in comparison to non-smokers have immediate elevations in heart rate and blood pressure, lower levels of high-density lipoprotein, higher levels of low-density lipoprotein, higher levels of triglycerides, higher levels of fasting blood glucose, and a higher heart rate. Users of waterpipes and cigarettes had similar average heart rates, blood pressure, and lipid levels, with the exception that waterpipe smokers had greater total cholesterol. Smoking a waterpipe has significant negative effects on the cardiovascular system comparable to cigarette smoking, and non-randomized studies proved to yield substantial evidence related to its cardiovascular effects. Such study designs can be used to evaluate substance use and its cardiovascular impact.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	2168-8184 2168-8184
DOI:	10.7759/cureus.34802