Are deficits of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids responsible for the neural and vascular complications of preterm babies?

We review evidence suggesting that pre- or postnatal deficits of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) together with underdeveloped antioxidant protection contribute to neurovisual developmental disorders and other complications of premature birth. These two synergistic deficits occur...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	The American journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 66; no. 4; pp. 1032S - 1041S
Main Authors:	Crawford, MA, Costeloe, K, Ghebremeskel, K, Phylactos, A, Skirvin, L, Stacey, F
Format:	Journal Article Conference Proceeding
Language:	English
Published:	Bethesda, MD Elsevier Inc 01-10-1997 American Society for Clinical Nutrition American Society for Clinical Nutrition, Inc
Subjects:	Arachidonic Acid - administration & dosage Arachidonic Acid - deficiency Arachidonic Acid - metabolism Biological and medical sciences Brain - blood supply Brain - embryology Brain - growth & development Cardiovascular Diseases - etiology Cardiovascular Diseases - prevention & control Cerebrovascular Disorders - etiology Cerebrovascular Disorders - prevention & control Docosahexaenoic Acids - administration & dosage Docosahexaenoic Acids - metabolism Embryonic and Fetal Development - physiology Endothelium, Vascular - embryology Endothelium, Vascular - physiology Eyes & eyesight Female Headache. Facial pains. Syncopes. Epilepsia. Intracranial hypertension. Brain oedema. Cerebral palsy Humans Infant Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena Infant, Newborn Infant, Premature, Diseases - blood Infant, Premature, Diseases - etiology Lipids Medical disorders Medical research Medical sciences Metabolic diseases Nervous system (semeiology, syndromes) Neurology Oils & fats Other nutritional diseases (malnutrition, nutritional and vitamin deficiencies...) Pregnancy Premature birth Prenatal development Human Premature Pediatrics Nervous system diseases Deficiency Central nervous system Polyunsaturated fatty acid Review Antioxidant Arachidonic acid Docosahexaenoic acid Essential Postnatal development Feeding Prenatal Newborn Postnatal Blood vessel Circulatory system Nutritional status Brain (vertebrata)
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Summary:	We review evidence suggesting that pre- or postnatal deficits of arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) together with underdeveloped antioxidant protection contribute to neurovisual developmental disorders and other complications of premature birth. These two synergistic deficits occur at a time when 70% of energy is focused on brain development and when the brain and blood vessels are growing at high speed. The types of essential fatty acids fed to preterm babies bear no relation to what the infant would have received had it remained a fetus. This failure to meet essential fatty acid requirements exacerbates the AA and DHA deficits seen at birth; furthermore, the immature superoxide defenses remain depressed until the expected date of delivery. Deficits of these systems, which are required for cell membranes, the endothelium, and neural tissue, could provide the biochemical prerequisite for the membrane disorders to which these babies are at high risk: intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leucomalacia, retinopathy of prematurity, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although poor vascular development during fetal and neonatal life may be repaired, the structural and antioxidant deficits identified in preterm babies may impair blood vessel development with long-term consequences. The conclusion drawn from this review is that present parenteral and enteral lipid nutrition for preterm babies is flawed and could be pathogenic. Full-term milk composition is the basis for the design of preterm infant foods, but full-term milk is different from the placental product that is rich in AA and DHA. Preterm lipid nutrition should be revised to be more in line with placental lipid transfer to the fetus.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	0002-9165 1938-3207
DOI:	10.1093/ajcn/66.4.1032S