Deep Learning-Based Indoor Localization Using Multi-View BLE Signal

Deep Learning-Based Indoor Localization Using Multi-View BLE Signal

In this paper, we present a novel Deep Neural Network-based indoor localization method that estimates the position of a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transmitter (tag) by using the received signals' characteristics at multiple Anchor Points (APs). We use the received signal strength indicator (RSS...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) Vol. 22; no. 7; p. 2759
Main Authors: Koutris, Aristotelis, Siozos, Theodoros, Kopsinis, Yannis, Pikrakis, Aggelos, Merk, Timon, Mahlig, Matthias, Papaharalabos, Stylianos, Karlsson, Peter
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 02-04-2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Algorithms
Angle of arrival
Antennas
BLE
Bluetooth
Computer simulation
Data Collection
Deep Learning
deep neural networks
Estimates
indoor localization
Localization
Localization method
Machine learning
Neural networks
Neural Networks, Computer
Receivers & amplifiers
Signal strength
Wireless Technology
BLE
indoor localization
deep neural networks
angle of arrival
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Summary:In this paper, we present a novel Deep Neural Network-based indoor localization method that estimates the position of a Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) transmitter (tag) by using the received signals' characteristics at multiple Anchor Points (APs). We use the received signal strength indicator (RSSI) value and the in-phase and quadrature-phase (IQ) components of the received BLE signals at a single time instance to simultaneously estimate the angle of arrival (AoA) at all APs. Through supervised learning on simulated data, various machine learning (ML) architectures are trained to perform AoA estimation using varying subsets of anchor points. In the final stage of the system, the estimated AoA values are fed to a positioning engine which uses the least squares (LS) algorithm to estimate the position of the tag. The proposed architectures are trained and rigorously tested on several simulated room scenarios and are shown to achieve a localization accuracy of 70 cm. Moreover, the proposed systems possess generalization capabilities by being robust to modifications in the room's content or anchors' configuration. Additionally, some of the proposed architectures have the ability to distribute the computational load over the APs.
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ISSN:1424-8220
1424-8220
DOI:10.3390/s22072759