Trihalomethanes in Lisbon Indoor Swimming Pools: Occurrence, Determining Factors, and Health Risk Classification

Characterization of water quality from indoor swimming pools, using chorine-based disinfection techniques, was performed during a 6-mo period to study the occurrence, distribution, and concentration factors of trihalomethanes (THM). Several parameters such as levels of water THM, water and air chlor...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A Vol. 75; no. 13-15; pp. 878 - 892
Main Authors:	Silva, Zelinda Isabel, Rebelo, Maria Helena, Silva, Manuela Manso, Alves, Ana Martins, da Conceição Cabral, Maria, Almeida, Ana Cristina, Aguiar, Fátima Rôxo, de Oliveira, Anabela Lopes, Nogueira, Ana Cruz, Pinhal, Hermínia Rodrigues, Aguiar, Pedro Manuel, Cardoso, Ana Sofia
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Taylor & Francis Group 01-07-2012 Taylor & Francis Ltd
Subjects:	Air Pollutants - analysis Air Pollutants - toxicity Air Pollution, Indoor Chemical compounds Chlorine Chloroform Chloroform - analysis Chloroform - toxicity Correlation Disinfectants - chemistry Disinfection & disinfectants Environmental health Health Humans Hydrogen-Ion Concentration Indoor Isocyanates - chemistry Oxidation-Reduction Pools Portugal Risk Assessment Seasons Sodium Hypochlorite - chemistry Swimming Pools Temperature Trihalomethanes - analysis Trihalomethanes - toxicity Urban Health Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis Water Pollutants, Chemical - toxicity Water Quality Lisbon Portugal
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Description
Summary:	Characterization of water quality from indoor swimming pools, using chorine-based disinfection techniques, was performed during a 6-mo period to study the occurrence, distribution, and concentration factors of trihalomethanes (THM). Several parameters such as levels of water THM, water and air chloroform, water bromodichloromethane (BDCM), water dibromochloromethane (DBCM), water bromoform (BF), free residual chlorine (FrCl), pH, water and air temperature, and permanganate water oxidizability (PWO) were determined in each pool during that period. Chloroform (CF W ) was the THM detected at higher concentrations in all pools, followed by BDCM, DBCM, and BF detected at 99, 34, and 6% of the samples, respectively. Water THM concentrations ranged from 10.1 to 155 μg/L, with 6.5% of the samples presenting values above 100 μg/L (parametric value established in Portuguese law DL 306/2007). In this study, air chloroform (CF Air ) concentrations ranged from 45 to 373 μg/m 3 with 24% of the samples presenting values above 136 μg/m 3 (considered high exposure value). Several significant correlations were observed between total THM and other parameters, namely, CF W , CF Air , FrCl, water temperature (T W ), and PWO. These correlations indicate that FrCl, T W and PWO are parameters that influence THM formation. The exposure criterion established for water THM enabled the inclusion of 67% of Lisbon pools in the high exposure group, which reinforces the need for an improvement in pool water quality.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1528-7394 1087-2620 2381-3504
DOI:	10.1080/15287394.2012.690706