New Insights in Phenothiazinium-Mediated Photodynamic Inactivation of Candida Auris

In recent years, has emerged as a hazardous hospital-acquired pathogen. Its resistance to antifungal treatments makes it challenging, requiring new approaches to manage it effectively. Herein, we aimed to assess the impact of photodynamic inactivation mediated by methylene blue (MB-PDI) or 1,9-dimet...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of fungi (Basel) Vol. 9; no. 7; p. 717
Main Authors:	Silva, Abdênego R, Cabral, Fernanda V, Silva, Camila R, Silva, Daniela F T, Freitas, Anderson Z, Fontes, Adriana, Ribeiro, Martha S
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 30-06-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) biofilm Biofilms Cells Cytotoxicity Drug resistance in microorganisms Fibroblasts Lipid peroxidation Lipids Mammalian cells Membrane potential Methylene blue methylene blue (MB) Microorganisms Microscopy mitochondrial membrane potential oxidative stress Pathogens Photoinactivation Scanning electron microscopy Brazil United States > US Japan 1,9-dimethyl methylene blue (DMMB) biofilm mitochondrial membrane potential methylene blue (MB) red LED lipid peroxidation oxidative stress
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Summary:	In recent years, has emerged as a hazardous hospital-acquired pathogen. Its resistance to antifungal treatments makes it challenging, requiring new approaches to manage it effectively. Herein, we aimed to assess the impact of photodynamic inactivation mediated by methylene blue (MB-PDI) or 1,9-dimethyl MB (DMMB-PDI) combined with a red LED against . To evaluate the photoinactivation of yeasts, we quantified colony-forming units and monitored ROS production. To gain some insights into the differences between MB and DMMB, we assessed lipid peroxidation (LPO) and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm). After, we verified the effectiveness of DMMB against biofilms by measuring metabolic activity and biomass, and the structures were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy and optical coherence tomography. We also evaluated the cytotoxicity in mammalian cells. DMMB-PDI successfully eradicated yeasts at 3 μM regardless of the light dose. In contrast, MB (100 μM) killed cells only when exposed to the highest dose of light. DMMB-PDI promoted higher ROS, LPO and ΔΨm levels than those of MB. Furthermore, DMMB-PDI was able to inhibit biofilm formation and destroy mature biofilms, with no observed toxicity in fibroblasts. We conclude that DMMB-PDI holds great potential to combat the global threat posed by .
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2309-608X 2309-608X
DOI:	10.3390/jof9070717