Formation of predominant interstitial N–TiO2 using physical preparation under microwave irradiation for Reactive Red 4 dye removal

Interstitial nitrogen titanium dioxide (N–TiO2) has been synthesized from solid-state microwave irradiation of commercial TiO2 (P25) and urea, which is in contrast to other solid-state methods that give substitutional N–TiO2. N–TiO2 was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Desalination and water treatment Vol. 92; pp. 172 - 180
Main Authors:	Azami, M.S., Nawawi, W.I., Shukri, D.S.M.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Elsevier Inc 01-10-2017
Subjects:	Interstitial N 2p Microwave Nitrogen doping Photocatalysis Reactive red 4 dye Microwave Interstitial N 2p Nitrogen doping Reactive red 4 dye Photocatalysis
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Summary:	Interstitial nitrogen titanium dioxide (N–TiO2) has been synthesized from solid-state microwave irradiation of commercial TiO2 (P25) and urea, which is in contrast to other solid-state methods that give substitutional N–TiO2. N–TiO2 was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2-adsorption surface area measurement, Fourier transformed infra-red (FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-Vis DRS). FTIR, XPS and UV-Vis DRS indicate that interstitial doping of N has occurred in the TiO2 lattice. Ti–O–N detected by FTIR at 1,449 cm–1 contributed to the N–O bond. There is no C=O bond in N–TiO2 showing that urea was completely decomposed in modified TiO2. This N–O bond is also proved by XPS on deconvolution peaks detected at 404.8 and 531.5 eV in N 1s and O 1s, respectively. UV-Vis DRS analysis revealed the formation of N 2p state ca. 0.12 eV above valence band in N–TiO2 and it is almost similar to characteristic of substitutional N–TiO2. Thus, the combination of substitutional and interstitial called interstitial N 2p is suggested in our prepared N–TiO2 sample. The photocatalytic activities of N–TiO2 and pristine TiO2 were compared for the photodegradation of the dye reactive red 4 (RR4) under visible light irradiation from an LED source. Complete bleaching occurred within 60 min using N–TiO2 whereas no photocatalytic degradation was observed using pristine TiO2.
ISSN:	1944-3986
DOI:	10.5004/dwt.2017.21496