Structure, function and applications of carbonic anhydrase isozymes

The carbonic anhydrases enzymes (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloproteins, which efficiently catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and release proton. These enzymes are essentially important for biological system and play several important physiological and...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Bioorganic & medicinal chemistry Vol. 21; no. 6; pp. 1570 - 1582
Main Authors:	Imtaiyaz Hassan, Md, Shajee, Bushra, Waheed, Abdul, Ahmad, Faizan, Sly, William S.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Elsevier Ltd 15-03-2013
Subjects:	active sites Animals Bicarbonate bicarbonates Bicarbonates metabolism Carbon Carbon capture Carbon dioxide Carbon Dioxide - metabolism Carbonate dehydratase Carbonic anhydrase Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - chemistry Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors - metabolism Carbonic Anhydrases - chemistry Carbonic Anhydrases - metabolism Diuretics Drug Design Drug designing and drug screening Drug development Drug discovery Drug target drug therapy Drugs Enzymes Humans Isoenzymes Isoenzymes - chemistry Isoenzymes - metabolism isozymes mammals metalloproteins nervous system diseases Neurological diseases Protein structure Protein Structure, Tertiary Protons screening Structure-Activity Relationship structure-activity relationships Structure-function relationships Structure–function relationship Sulfonamides Sulfonamides - chemistry Sulfonamides - metabolism Tertiary structure Zinc Bicarbonates metabolism Carbonic anhydrase Structure–function relationship Drug target Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors Drug designing and drug screening Carbon capture
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Summary:	The carbonic anhydrases enzymes (CAs, EC 4.2.1.1) are zinc containing metalloproteins, which efficiently catalyse the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and release proton. These enzymes are essentially important for biological system and play several important physiological and patho-physiological functions. There are 16 different alpha-carbonic anhydrase isoforms studied, differing widely in their cellular localization and biophysical properties. The catalytic domains of all CAs possess a conserved tertiary structure fold, with predominately β-strands. We performed an extensive analysis of all 16 mammalian CAs for its structure and function in order to establish a structure–function relationship. CAs have been a potential therapeutic target for many diseases. Sulfonamides are considered as a strong and specific inhibitor of CA, and are being used as diuretics, anti-glaucoma, anti-epileptic, anti-ulcer agents. Currently CA inhibitors are widely used as a drug for the treatment of neurological disorders, anti-glaucoma drugs, anti-cancer, or anti-obesity agents. Here we tried to emphasize how CAs can be used for drug discovery, design and screening. Furthermore, we discussed the role of CA in carbon capture, carbon sensor and metabolon. We hope this review provide many useful information on structure, function, mechanism, and applications of CAs in various discipline.
Bibliography:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.044 ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 ObjectType-Feature-1
ISSN:	0968-0896 1464-3391
DOI:	10.1016/j.bmc.2012.04.044