Milk Exosomes: Next-Generation Agents for Delivery of Anticancer Drugs and Therapeutic Nucleic Acids

Exosomes are nanovesicles 40-120 nm in diameter secreted by almost all cell types and providing humoral intercellular interactions. Given the natural origin and high biocompatibility, the potential for loading various anticancer molecules and therapeutic nucleic acids inside, and the surface modific...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 24; no. 12; p. 10194
Main Authors:	Timofeeva, Anna M, Paramonik, Anastasia P, Sedykh, Sergey S, Nevinsky, Georgy A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 15-06-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Animals Antineoplastic Agents Biocompatibility Biopsy Breast cancer Cattle Cell culture Cow's milk Drug Carriers - metabolism Drug delivery Drug Delivery Systems Drugs Endocytosis Epithelial cells Epithelium Exosomes Exosomes - metabolism extracellular vesicles Female Gastrointestinal system Gastrointestinal tract Health aspects Humans Hydrophilicity Hydrophobicity Laboratory animals Lipids Lipophilic Liver Localization MicroRNAs Milk Milk - metabolism milk exosomes milk vesicles Nucleic acids Proteins Review target delivery visualization extracellular vesicles milk vesicles exosomes cargo loading drug delivery milk exosomes target delivery
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Summary:	Exosomes are nanovesicles 40-120 nm in diameter secreted by almost all cell types and providing humoral intercellular interactions. Given the natural origin and high biocompatibility, the potential for loading various anticancer molecules and therapeutic nucleic acids inside, and the surface modification possibility for targeted delivery, exosomes are considered to be a promising means of delivery to cell cultures and experimental animal organisms. Milk is a unique natural source of exosomes available in semi-preparative and preparative quantities. Milk exosomes are highly resistant to the harsh conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro studies have demonstrated that milk exosomes have an affinity to epithelial cells, are digested by cells by endocytosis mechanism, and can be used for oral delivery. With milk exosome membranes containing hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, exosomes can be loaded with hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. This review covers a number of scalable protocols for isolating and purifying exosomes from human, cow, and horse milk. Additionally, it considers passive and active methods for drug loading into exosomes, as well as methods for modifying and functionalizing the surface of milk exosomes with specific molecules for more efficient and specific delivery to target cells. In addition, the review considers various approaches to visualize exosomes and determine cellular localization and bio-distribution of loaded drug molecules in tissues. In conclusion, we outline new challenges for studying milk exosomes, a new generation of targeted delivery agents.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI:	10.3390/ijms241210194