Smoke exposure and cardio-metabolic profile in youth with type 1 diabetes

To evaluate the relationship between smoking and metabolic parameters in patients affected by type 1 diabetes (T1D). We enrolled 104 children and young adults (50 females and 54 males) with T1D (aged 16.4 ± 8.6 years). The subjects were divided into three groups according to their smoking habits: no...

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Published in:	Diabetology and metabolic syndrome Vol. 10; no. 1; p. 53
Main Authors:	Calcaterra, Valeria, Winickoff, Jonathan P, Klersy, Catherine, Schiano, Luca Maria, Bazzano, Rossella, Montalbano, Chiara, Musella, Valeria, Regalbuto, Corrado, Larizza, Daniela, Cena, Hellas
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 06-07-2018 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Analysis Anthropometry Blood glucose Blood pressure Body mass index Cardio-metabolic profile Cardiovascular disease Care and treatment Children Children & youth Cholesterol Diabetes Diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent) Glycosylated hemoglobin Health aspects Health risk assessment Hemoglobin Insulin Insulin resistance Metabolic syndrome Mortality Nutritional status Passive smoking Physical activity Population studies Risk factors Sleep Smoke Smoking Smoking cessation Teenagers Tobacco Tobacco smoke Triglycerides Type 1 diabetes Young adults Young adults Children Smoke Type 1 diabetes Cardio-metabolic profile
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Summary:	To evaluate the relationship between smoking and metabolic parameters in patients affected by type 1 diabetes (T1D). We enrolled 104 children and young adults (50 females and 54 males) with T1D (aged 16.4 ± 8.6 years). The subjects were divided into three groups according to their smoking habits: no smoking (NS), passive smoking (PS), active smoking (AS). The physical examination of the participants included nutritional status assessment by anthropometry and pubertal stage according to Marshall and Tanner as well as blood pressure measurement. In all patients, metabolic blood assays including fasting blood glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. Insulin resistance was determined by glucose disposal rate (eGDR). Physical activity was also recorded. Significant differences in biochemical and functional parameters among the three groups were demonstrated, in particular for systolic (p = 0.002) and diastolic pressure (p = 0.02) and eGDR (p = 0.039). No differences in daily insulin dose (p = 0.75) and glycated hemoglobin (p = 0.39) were observed. AS group had significantly higher blood pressure (p < 0.05) and lower eGDR (p ≤ 0.001) compared to NS and PS. Significant difference was also detected between PS and NS in systolic and diastolic (p = 0.02) pressure and eGDR (p = 0.01). In a multivariable model adjusted for age, gender, BMI and physical activity, smoking habits did not maintain any independent association with metabolic parameters. This is the first study in a Mediterranean population, looking at tobacco smoke and cardio-metabolic factors in youth with T1D. The relationship between smoking and unfavorable metabolic profile was demonstrated. On the basis of these findings, smoking tobacco should be considered an important modifiable risk factor for young patients with diabetes mellitus, highlighting the need for intensified smoking prevention and cessation programs.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1758-5996 1758-5996
DOI:	10.1186/s13098-018-0355-0