Removal of benzophenone-4 via chlorination and advanced oxidation processes in aqueous solution: kinetics, by-product identification, and mechanistic studies

Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) is one of the UV filters widely used in personal care products (PCPs). BP-4 has been identified as an emergent contaminant detected in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at high concentrations showing that conventional treatment is unable to remove it,...

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Published in:	Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 31; no. 21; pp. 31201 - 31212
Main Authors:	Santbay, Lama, Kassir, Mounir, Nassar, Rania, Mokh, Samia, Al Iskandarani, Mohamad, Rifai, Ahmad
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-05-2024 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Aquatic Pollution Aqueous solutions Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution Benzophenone Benzophenones - chemistry Byproducts Chemical wastewater Chlorine Consumer products Contaminants Degradation Earth and Environmental Science Ecotoxicology Environment Environmental Chemistry Environmental Health Halogenation Hydrogen peroxide Hydrogen Peroxide - chemistry Ionization Kinetics Liquid chromatography Mass spectrometry Mass spectroscopy Mineralization Oxidation Oxidation-Reduction Rate constants Reaction kinetics Research Article Surface water Titanium - chemistry Titanium dioxide Toxicity Ultraviolet filters Waste Water Technology Wastewater - chemistry Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment plants Water Management Water Pollutants, Chemical - chemistry Water Pollution Control Water purification Water Purification - methods Benzophenone-4 UV/TiO Chlorination By-products, Toxicity, LC-MS/MS Kinetic study UV/H O UV/H2O2 UV/TiO2
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Summary:	Benzophenone-4 (BP-4) is one of the UV filters widely used in personal care products (PCPs). BP-4 has been identified as an emergent contaminant detected in influent and effluent of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) at high concentrations showing that conventional treatment is unable to remove it, subsequently, the presence of BP-4 in surface water is inevitable. In this study, we focus on the degradation of this compound by chlorine, and we report the efficiency of its removal from water by applying two advanced oxidation processes UV/TiO 2 and UV/H 2 O 2 aiming to achieve a superior mineralization result. The study was performed in purified water (pH = 6.5, temperature = 25 °C) with an initial concentration of BP-4 similar to that detected in WWTPs (10 mg/L). The results showed that 76% of BP-4 was degraded after 80 min of reaction with chlorine leading to the formation of one by-product persistent in the solution. The oxidation by UV/TiO 2 and UV/H 2 O 2 led to a total removal of BP-4 and their generated by-products after 50 and 10 min of reactions, respectively. The kinetic study showed that BP-4 degradation by UV/H 2 O 2 and UV/TiO 2 followed pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics and the apparent rate constants ( k app ) were determined to be 0.48 min −1 and 0.08 min −1 , respectively. The degradation of BP-4 by chlorine followed first-order reaction kinetics with k app = 0.02 min −1 . The identification of by-product structures was performed using liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS. The fragmentation of BP-4 and by-product ions at different collision energies allowed to propose the pathways of degradation and to predict the toxicity using a silico toxicity program which confirmed a higher toxicity of all generated by-products.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1614-7499 0944-1344 1614-7499
DOI:	10.1007/s11356-024-33191-3