Induction of trefoil factor (TFF)1, TFF2 and TFF3 by hypoxia is mediated by hypoxia inducible factor‐1: implications for gastric mucosal healing

Background and purpose: Mucosal microcirculation is compromised during gastric damage induced by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin. Consequently, oxygen supply to epithelial cells is decreased. The trefoil factor (TFF) peptides are involved in mechanisms of defence and repair i...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	British journal of pharmacology Vol. 156; no. 2; pp. 262 - 272
Main Authors:	Hernández, C, Santamatilde, E, McCreath, KJ, Cervera, AM, Díez, I, Ortiz‐Masiá, D, Martínez, N, Calatayud, S, Esplugues, JV, Barrachina, MD
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01-01-2009 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	Animals Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal - toxicity Aspirin - toxicity Biological and medical sciences Cell Hypoxia Cell Line epithelial cells Epithelial Cells - drug effects Epithelial Cells - metabolism gastric damage Gastric Mucosa - cytology Gastric Mucosa - drug effects Gastric Mucosa - metabolism HIF‐1 Humans hypoxia Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 - genetics Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1 - physiology Male Medical sciences Peptides - genetics Peptides - metabolism Pharmacology. Drug treatments Rats Rats, Sprague-Dawley Research Paper RNA, Messenger - genetics RNA, Messenger - metabolism TFF genes TFF peptides Trefoil Factor-2 Up-Regulation Stomach Oxygen TFF genes Peptides Digestive system Induction epithelial cells TFF peptides HIF-1 Gene Healing agent Genetics Epithelial cell Hypoxia Transcription factor HIF1 Lesion gastric damage
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Summary:	Background and purpose: Mucosal microcirculation is compromised during gastric damage induced by non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, such as aspirin. Consequently, oxygen supply to epithelial cells is decreased. The trefoil factor (TFF) peptides are involved in mechanisms of defence and repair in the gastrointestinal tract but their regulation at sites of gastric injury is unknown. Experimental approach: Hypoxia and expression of TFF genes and peptides were measured in the damaged stomach of aspirin‐treated rats. In a human gastric cell line (AGS cells), the effects of hypoxia and of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)‐1 (through transient transfection of HIF‐1α siRNA or over‐expression of HIF‐1α) on TFF gene expression were evaluated. Key results: Hypoxyprobe immunostaining, up‐regulation of TFF2 (1.9‐fold) and TFF3 (1.8‐fold) and a non‐significant increase of TFF1 (1.5‐fold) mRNA were observed in the damaged stomach of aspirin‐treated rats, compared with control animals. Hypoxia (3% O2, 16 h) induced mRNA for TFF1 (5.8‐fold), TTF2 (9.1‐fold) and TFF3 (9.3‐fold) in AGS cells, an effect mediated by HIF‐1, as transient transfection of HIF‐1α siRNA reduced the effects of hypoxia. Over‐expression of HIF‐1α by transfection in non‐hypoxic epithelial cells produced a similar pattern of TFF induction to that observed with hypoxia and transactivated a TFF1 reporter construct. Conclusions and implications: Hypoxia inducible factor‐1 mediated the induction of TFF gene expression by hypoxia in gastric epithelial cells. Low oxygen levels and up‐regulation of TFF gene expression in the damaged stomach of aspirin‐treated rats suggest that hypoxia induced expression of TFF genes at sites of gastric injury.
ISSN:	0007-1188 1476-5381
DOI:	10.1111/j.1476-5381.2008.00044.x