Respiratory Toxicology of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials: A Review

Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hyd...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Toxics (Basel) Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 82
Main Authors:	Kong, Chunxue, Chen, Junwen, Li, Ping, Wu, Yukang, Zhang, Guowei, Sang, Bimin, Li, Rui, Shi, Yuqin, Cui, Xiuqing, Zhou, Ting
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 01-01-2024 MDPI
Subjects:	Biocompatibility Biomedical materials Chemical properties Environmental aspects Fibrosis Functional groups Graphene Health aspects Ingestion Inhalation Lung diseases Nanomaterials Nanoparticles Nanotechnology Physicochemical properties Polyethylene glycol Respiration Respiratory system respiratory toxicology Respiratory tract Respiratory tract diseases Review Risk factors Soil water Structure Toxicity Toxicology Work environment China nanomaterials respiratory toxicology review graphene
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Summary:	Graphene-based nanomaterials (GBNs) consist of a single or few layers of graphene sheets or modified graphene including pristine graphene, graphene nanosheets (GNS), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), as well as graphene modified with various functional groups or chemicals (e.g., hydroxyl, carboxyl, and polyethylene glycol), which are frequently used in industrial and biomedical applications owing to their exceptional physicochemical properties. Given the widespread production and extensive application of GBNs, they can be disseminated in a wide range of environmental mediums, such as air, water, food, and soil. GBNs can enter the human body through various routes such as inhalation, ingestion, dermal penetration, injection, and implantation in biomedical applications, and the majority of GBNs tend to accumulate in the respiratory system. GBNs inhaled and substantially deposited in the human respiratory tract may impair lung defenses and clearance, resulting in the formation of granulomas and pulmonary fibrosis. However, the specific toxicity of the respiratory system caused by different GBNs, their influencing factors, and the underlying mechanisms remain relatively scarce. This review summarizes recent advances in the exposure, metabolism, toxicity and potential mechanisms, current limitations, and future perspectives of various GBNs in the respiratory system.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 Co-first author: These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	2305-6304 2305-6304
DOI:	10.3390/toxics12010082