Clinical and Translational Applications of Serological and Histopathological Biomarkers in Metastatic Breast Cancer: A Comprehensive Review

Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease....

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 24; no. 9; p. 8396
Main Authors:	Pekarek, Leonel, Sánchez Cendra, Alicia, Roberts Cervantes, Eduardo D, Sánchez Cendra, Cristina, Fraile-Martinez, Oscar, García-Montero, Cielo, Diaz-Pedrero, Raul, Torres-Carranza, Diego, Lopez-Gonzalez, Laura, Aguado-Henche, Soledad, Rios-Parra, Antonio, García-Puente, Luis M, García-Honduvilla, Natalio, Bujan, Julia, Alvarez-Mon, Melchor, Saez, Miguel A, Ortega, Miguel A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 07-05-2023 MDPI
Subjects:	Biological markers Biomarkers Biomarkers, Tumor - genetics Biopsy Breast cancer Breast Neoplasms - pathology Cancer Cancer therapies Care and treatment Chemotherapy circulating tumor cells Classification Development and progression Diagnosis Family medical history Female Genetic engineering Health services histopathological biomarkers Hormone replacement therapy Humans Kinases Malignancy Mammography Medical research Medical screening Medicine, Experimental Metastases Metastasis metastatic breast cancer MicroRNA Mutation Neoplasm Recurrence, Local Pathophysiology Patients Pertuzumab Prognosis Review Risk factors Serology serum biomarkers Subgroups Tomography Tumors Womens health Spain MicroRNA circulating tumor cells histopathological biomarkers metastatic breast cancer serum biomarkers
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Summary:	Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and the most common form of cancer in women. A large proportion of patients begin with localized disease and undergo treatment with curative intent, while another large proportion of patients debuts with disseminated metastatic disease. In the last subgroup of patients, the prognosis in recent years has changed radically, given the existence of different targeted therapies thanks to the discovery of different biomarkers. Serological, histological, and genetic biomarkers have demonstrated their usefulness in the initial diagnosis, in the follow-up to detect relapses, to guide targeted treatment, and to stratify the prognosis of the most aggressive tumors in those with breast cancer. Molecular markers are currently the basis for the diagnosis of metastatic disease, given the wide variety of chemotherapy regions and existing therapies. These markers have been a real revolution in the therapeutic arsenal for breast cancer, and their diagnostic validity allows the classification of tumors with higher rates of relapse, aggressiveness, and mortality. In this sense, the existence of therapies targeting different molecular alterations causes a series of changes in tumor biology that can be assessed throughout the course of the disease to provide information on the underlying pathophysiology of metastatic disease, which allows us to broaden our knowledge of the different mechanisms of tissue invasion. Therefore, the aim of the present article is to review the clinical, diagnostic, predictive, prognostic utility and limitations of the main biomarkers available and under development in metastatic breast cancer.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI:	10.3390/ijms24098396