The Neurochemistry of Autism

The Neurochemistry of Autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and e...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Brain sciences Vol. 10; no. 3; p. 163
Main Authors: Marotta, Rosa, Risoleo, Maria C, Messina, Giovanni, Parisi, Lucia, Carotenuto, Marco, Vetri, Luigi, Roccella, Michele
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 13-03-2020
MDPI
Subjects:
Acetylcholine
Acids
Anatomy
Arginine
Argipressin
Autism
autism spectrum disorder
Behavior
Brain
Cell adhesion & migration
Central nervous system
Comorbidity
Dopamine
Etiology
gaba
glutamate
Information processing
Intellectual disabilities
Melatonin
Mutation
n-acetyl aspartate
N-Acetylaspartate
Narcotics
neurochemistry
Neuropeptides
Neurotransmitters
Opinion
Opioid receptors (type delta)
Orexins
Oxytocin
Researchers
Sensory integration
Serotonin
Spectrum analysis
Vasopressin
Vitamin D
γ-Aminobutyric acid
N-acetyl aspartate
oxytocin
serotonin
GABA
acetylcholine
neurochemistry
autism spectrum disorder
melatonin
dopamine
glutamate
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Description
Summary:Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) refers to complex neurobehavioral and neurodevelopmental conditions characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior or interests, and altered sensory processing. Environmental, immunological, genetic, and epigenetic factors are implicated in the pathophysiology of autism and provoke the occurrence of neuroanatomical and neurochemical events relatively early in the development of the central nervous system. Many neurochemical pathways are involved in determining ASD; however, how these complex networks interact and cause the onset of the core symptoms of autism remains unclear. Further studies on neurochemical alterations in autism are necessary to clarify the early neurodevelopmental variations behind the enormous heterogeneity of autism spectrum disorder, and therefore lead to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of autism. In this review, we aim to delineate the state-of-the-art main research findings about the neurochemical alterations in autism etiology, and focuses on gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, serotonin, dopamine, N-acetyl aspartate, oxytocin and arginine-vasopressin, melatonin, vitamin D, orexin, endogenous opioids, and acetylcholine. We also aim to suggest a possible related therapeutic approach that could improve the quality of ASD interventions. Over one hundred references were collected through electronic database searching in Medline and EMBASE (Ovid), Scopus (Elsevier), ERIC (Proquest), PubMed, and the Web of Science (ISI).
Bibliography:Interuniversity group for study and research on Neurodevelopmental Disorders in Children and Adolescents.
ISSN:2076-3425
2076-3425
DOI:10.3390/brainsci10030163