Long-COVID and Post-COVID Health Complications: An Up-to-Date Review on Clinical Conditions and Their Possible Molecular Mechanisms

The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coro...

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Published in:	Viruses Vol. 13; no. 4; p. 700
Main Authors:	Silva Andrade, Bruno, Siqueira, Sérgio, de Assis Soares, Wagner Rodrigues, de Souza Rangel, Fernanda, Santos, Naiane Oliveira, Dos Santos Freitas, Andria, Ribeiro da Silveira, Priscila, Tiwari, Sandeep, Alzahrani, Khalid J, Góes-Neto, Aristóteles, Azevedo, Vasco, Ghosh, Preetam, Barh, Debmalya
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 18-04-2021 MDPI
Subjects:	adverse effects Anorexia Anxiety disorders Appetite loss Arteriosclerosis Ataxia Blood coagulation Cardiac arrhythmia Cardiovascular System Cerebral infarction Constipation Convulsions Coronary artery Coronaviruses COVID-19 COVID-19 - complications COVID-19 - physiopathology Cytokines Diarrhea Disease transmission Embolism Fatalities Fibrosis Guillain-Barre Syndrome Heart failure Hemorrhage Hemostasis Humans Immune System Infections Inflammation Keywords Lung diseases Mental Health molecular mechanism Molecular modelling Nausea Nervous System Olfaction Pain Pandemics pathophysiology Physiology Post traumatic stress disorder Pulmonary fibrosis Respiratory failure Review Rheumatoid arthritis SARS-CoV-2 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 Skin diseases systemic effects Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome - complications Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome - physiopathology Thromboembolism Thrombosis Vomiting COVID-19 adverse effects molecular mechanism systemic effects pathophysiology
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Summary:	The COVID-19 pandemic has infected millions worldwide, leaving a global burden for long-term care of COVID-19 survivors. It is thus imperative to study post-COVID (i.e., short-term) and long-COVID (i.e., long-term) effects, specifically as local and systemic pathophysiological outcomes of other coronavirus-related diseases (such as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)) were well-cataloged. We conducted a comprehensive review of adverse post-COVID health outcomes and potential long-COVID effects. We observed that such adverse outcomes were not localized. Rather, they affected different human systems, including: (i) immune system (e.g., Guillain-Barré syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, pediatric inflammatory multisystem syndromes such as Kawasaki disease), (ii) hematological system (vascular hemostasis, blood coagulation), (iii) pulmonary system (respiratory failure, pulmonary thromboembolism, pulmonary embolism, pneumonia, pulmonary vascular damage, pulmonary fibrosis), (iv) cardiovascular system (myocardial hypertrophy, coronary artery atherosclerosis, focal myocardial fibrosis, acute myocardial infarction, cardiac hypertrophy), (v) gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal systems (diarrhea, nausea/vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, acid reflux, gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lack of appetite/constipation), (vi) skeletomuscular system (immune-mediated skin diseases, psoriasis, lupus), (vii) nervous system (loss of taste/smell/hearing, headaches, spasms, convulsions, confusion, visual impairment, nerve pain, dizziness, impaired consciousness, nausea/vomiting, hemiplegia, ataxia, stroke, cerebral hemorrhage), (viii) mental health (stress, depression and anxiety). We additionally hypothesized mechanisms of action by investigating possible molecular mechanisms associated with these disease outcomes/symptoms. Overall, the COVID-19 pathology is still characterized by cytokine storm that results to endothelial inflammation, microvascular thrombosis, and multiple organ failures.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	1999-4915 1999-4915
DOI:	10.3390/v13040700