Pathophysiology and Management of Onychomycosis and Novel Approaches for Effective Transdermal Applications

Onychomycosis is the most common fungal nail infection accounting for 50% of nail disorders. This infection is most common in the toenails than in the nails of the fingers. It is caused by various fungal species like Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Asper...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of pharmaceutical compounding Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 494 - 502
Main Authors:	Dharmian, Jose Prakash, Sathiyaseelan, Iraniammal, Renganathan, Akshaya, Mubees, Alamaan Mohamed, Naser, Mohammed Yasin Abdul, Ramkrishnan, Prakash, Arumugam, Somasundaram
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States International Journal of Pharmaceutical Compounding 01-11-2023
Subjects:	Fungal infections Medical diagnosis Nails (Anatomy) Risk factors
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Description
Summary:	Onychomycosis is the most common fungal nail infection accounting for 50% of nail disorders. This infection is most common in the toenails than in the nails of the fingers. It is caused by various fungal species like Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, Aspergillus spp, Fusarium spp, Acremonium spp, Alternaria spp, and Neoscytalidium. Among them, dermatophyte fungus is involved in 70% to 80% of infections. Clinically, there are five types of onychomycosis classified based on causative organism and location of infection origin. Diagnosis of this infection uses a mycological study of nail samples using multiple staining techniques like periodic acid-Schiff, calcofluor, Grocott methenamine silver, fluorescence, and microscopy. The major risk factors of this infection include diabetes mellitus, psoriasis, peripheral vascular diseases, obesity, metabolic syndrome, nail trauma, human immunodeficiency virus and/or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, immune-compromised individuals, chronic kidney failure, athletic activity, smoking, and hyperlipidemia. The treatment options for onychomycosis include topical and systemic antifungal agents, nanoparticles, laser therapy, photodynamic therapy, and nail avulsion. This article describes several types of onychomycosis, symptoms, diagnosis, currently available therapy and its drawback, current research to rectify the issues, and future medicinal approaches to improve patient health.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1092-4221 1943-5223