Current Challenges of Vaccination in Fish Health Management

Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest stat...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Animals (Basel) Vol. 14; no. 18; p. 2692
Main Authors:	Kumar, Avnish, Middha, Sushil Kumar, Menon, Soumya Vettiyatil, Paital, Biswaranjan, Gokarn, Shyam, Nelli, Meghana, Rajanikanth, Rakshith Bangalore, Chandra, Harish Mani, Mugunthan, Susithra Priyadarshni, Kantwa, Sanwar Mal, Usha, Talambedu, Hati, Akshaya Kumar, Venkatesan, Divyadharshini, Rajendran, Abira, Behera, Tapas Ranjan, Venkatesamurthy, Swarupa, Sahoo, Dipak Kumar
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 16-09-2024 MDPI
Subjects:	Animals antibiotic Antibiotics Antigens Aquaculture Commercial fishing Communicable diseases Contamination Crustaceans Disease prevention DNA vaccines Drug resistance environmental safety Fish fish infectious diseases Fish production fish vaccine Fisheries Fishing Food global market Immunity (Disease) Infections Infectious diseases Medical research Medicine, Experimental Parasites Pathogens Proteins Rabies Recombinant proteins Review Vaccination Vaccines Viral infections Virulence Viruses Water quality Japan India China antibiotic global market aquaculture fish vaccine environmental safety fish infectious diseases
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Summary:	Vaccination is an essential method of immunological preventive care required for the health management of all animals, including fish. More particularly, immunization is necessary for in-land aquaculture to manage diseases in fish broodstocks and healthy seed production. According to the latest statistics in 2020, 90.3 million tons of capture fishery production was achieved from the aquaculture sector. Out of the above, 78.8 million tons were from marine water aquaculture sectors, and 11.5 million tons were from inland water aquaculture sectors. About a 4% decline in fish production was achieved in 2020 in comparison to 2018 from inland aquaculture sectors. On the other hand, the digestive protein content, healthy fats, and nutritional values of fish products are comparatively more affordable than in other meat sources. In 2014, about 10% of aquatic cultured animals were lost (costing global annual losses > USD 10 billion) due to infectious diseases. Therefore, vaccination in fish, especially in broodstocks, is one of the essential approaches to stop such losses in the aquaculture sector. Fish vaccines consist of whole-killed pathogens, protein subunits, recombinant proteins, DNA, or live-attenuated vaccines. Challenges persist in the adaption of vaccination in the aquaculture sector, the route of administration, the use of effective adjuvants, and, most importantly, the lack of effective results. The use of autogenous vaccines; vaccination via intramuscular, intraperitoneal, or oral routes; and, most importantly, adding vaccines in feed using top dressing methods or as a constituent in fish feed are now emerging. These methods will lower the risk of using antibiotics in cultured water by reducing environmental contamination.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23 Present address: Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai 410206, India.
ISSN:	2076-2615 2076-2615
DOI:	10.3390/ani14182692