Apolipoprotein E, periodontal disease and the risk for atherosclerosis: a review

•Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a relationship between chronic periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis.•Periodontal pathogens have been associated with atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice.•ApoE4 may be a candidate antagonistic pleiotropy gene in periodontal diseases. The association betwe...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Archives of oral biology Vol. 98; pp. 204 - 212
Main Authors:	Pereira, L.C., Nascimento, J.C.R, Rêgo, J.M.C., Canuto, K.M., Crespo-Lopez, M.E., Alvarez-Leite, J.I., Baysan, A., Oriá, R.B.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Elsevier Ltd 01-02-2019
Subjects:	Apolipoprotein E Atherosclerosis Dentistry Inflammation Oral microbiota Periodontal disease Periodontal disease Inflammation Oral microbiota Apolipoprotein E Atherosclerosis
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Summary:	•Accumulating evidence has demonstrated a relationship between chronic periodontal diseases and atherosclerosis.•Periodontal pathogens have been associated with atherosclerosis in apoE knockout mice.•ApoE4 may be a candidate antagonistic pleiotropy gene in periodontal diseases. The association between cardiovascular and periodontal diseases is characterized by chronic inflammatory processes, with a high prevalence worldwide and complex genetic-environment interactions. Although apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4), one of the isoforms coded by a polymorphic APOE gene, has been widely recognized as a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases and as an immunoinflammatory factor, less is known regarding how ApoE4 affects atherosclerosis in periodontitis patients. The aim of this review was to investigate the potential underlying mechanisms related to APOE4 that could increase the risk of periodontal disease and, ultimately, of atherosclerosis. There have only been a few studies addressing apoE polymorphisms in patients with chronic periodontitis. To date, no studies have been performed that have assessed how ApoE4 affects atherosclerotic disease in chronic periodontitis patients. Although clinical studies are warranted, experimental studies have consistently documented the presence of periodontal pathogens, which are usually found in the oral cavity and saliva, in the atherosclerotic plaques of ApoE-deficient mice. In addition, in this review, the potential role of the APOE4 allele as an example of antagonistic pleiotropy during human evolution and its relation to oral health is discussed.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1
ISSN:	0003-9969 1879-1506
DOI:	10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.11.009