A method to quantitatively assess the modes-of-action of flame-retardants

A method to quantitatively assess the modes-of-action of flame-retardants

•A method is proposed to calculate the action θ in condensed phase of flame retardants.•PE/EVA and ABS formulations were prepared containing mineral, phosphorus and brominated FRs.•Θ was calculated for LOI and cone calorimeter tests.•Antagonistic, synergistic or additive effects between FRs can be h...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Polymer degradation and stability Vol. 195; p. 109767
Main Authors: Vangrevelynghe, Mathieu, Nouvel, Lucie Le, Pesenti, Cécile, Sonnier, Rodolphe, Ferry, Laurent, Gesta, Emmanuelle, Lagrève, Christian
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: London Elsevier Ltd 01-01-2022
Elsevier BV
Elsevier
Subjects:
Aluminum
Combustion efficiency
Cone calorimeter
Cone calorimeters
Engineering Sciences
Ethylene vinyl acetates
Flame retardant
Flame retardants
Flammability
FR mode-of-action
LOI
Magnesium
Mathematical analysis
Mechanical properties
Polymer
Polymers
Pyrolysis
Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry
Quantitative analysis
Synergy
LOI
Flame retardant
Cone calorimeter
Polymer
Synergy
FR mode-of-action
Pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimetry
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Summary:•A method is proposed to calculate the action θ in condensed phase of flame retardants.•PE/EVA and ABS formulations were prepared containing mineral, phosphorus and brominated FRs.•Θ was calculated for LOI and cone calorimeter tests.•Antagonistic, synergistic or additive effects between FRs can be highlighted. The assessment of the modes of action of flame retardants (FRs) and their quantification is a challenging issue. This study highlights that the condensed phase efficiency θ can be assessed by combining different flammability tests (pyrolysis-combustion flow calorimeter PCFC, Limiting Oxygen Index LOI, cone calorimeter). Relations were proposed to calculate LOI and pHRR in cone calorimeter from several parameters including θ. A satisfying agreement between experimental values and calculated ones were found for a set of several dozens of FR-free polymers assuming that θ = 1 (i.e. no action in condensed phase).Then, θ was evaluated for EVA/PE blends containing Aluminium TriHydroxyde (ATH) and/or Magnesium DiHydroxyde (MDH) and for ABS containing Ammonium PolyPhosphate (APP) and/or DecaBromoDiPhenylOxide (DBDPO) assuming that LOI and pHRR of flame-retardant compositions follow the same relationships as those of unfilled polymers. The evolution of θ (as well as χ, i.e. the combustion efficiency) highlights the modes of action of FRs and can contribute to the discussion about possible synergy or antagonism between FRs. Especially, an apparent synergism between APP/DBDPO is observed in cone calorimeter from a performance point of view. Nevertheless, the calculation of χ and θ challenges this conclusion.
ISSN:0141-3910
1873-2321
DOI:10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109767