Angiogenesis and Anti-Angiogenic Treatment in Prostate Cancer: Mechanisms of Action and Molecular Targets

Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many therapeutic advances over the last two decades have led to an improvement in the survival of patients with metastatic PC, yet the majority of these patients still succumb to the...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	International journal of molecular sciences Vol. 22; no. 18; p. 9926
Main Authors:	Ioannidou, Evangelia, Moschetta, Michele, Shah, Sidrah, Parker, Jack Steven, Ozturk, Mehmet Akif, Pappas-Gogos, George, Sheriff, Matin, Rassy, Elie, Boussios, Stergios
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Basel MDPI AG 14-09-2021 MDPI
Subjects:	advances Androgens Angiogenesis Antiangiogenic agents Antiangiogenics Antigens Biopsy Cancer therapies Castration castration-resistant prostate cancer Cell cycle Cell growth Chemotherapy Clinical trials DNA damage Extracellular matrix FDA approval hormone-sensitive prostate cancer Kinases Lymphatic system Magnetic resonance imaging Metastases Metastasis Mortality Patients Prostate cancer Proteins Radiation therapy Review Surgery Surveillance Toxicity Ultrasonic imaging Vascular endothelial growth factor United States > US
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Summary:	Prostate cancer (PC) is the most common cancer in men and the second leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Many therapeutic advances over the last two decades have led to an improvement in the survival of patients with metastatic PC, yet the majority of these patients still succumb to their disease. Antiagiogenic therapies have shown substantial benefits for many types of cancer but only a marginal benefit for PC. Ongoing clinical trials investigate antiangiogenic monotherapies or combination therapies. Despite the important role of angiogenesis in PC, clinical trials in refractory castration-resistant PC (CRPC) have demonstrated increased toxicity with no clinical benefit. A better understanding of the mechanism of angiogenesis may help to understand the failure of trials, possibly leading to the development of new targeted anti-angiogenic therapies in PC. These could include the identification of specific subsets of patients who might benefit from these therapeutic strategies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the pathways involved in the angiogenesis, the chemotherapeutic agents with antiangiogenic activity, the available studies on anti-angiogenic agents and the potential mechanisms of resistance.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-3 content type line 23 ObjectType-Review-1 Current address: Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research (NIBR), Translational Clinical Oncology (TCO), CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland.
ISSN:	1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067
DOI:	10.3390/ijms22189926