Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surfac...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:International journal of environmental research and public health Vol. 20; no. 2; p. 1054
Main Authors: Takuissu, Guy Roussel, Kenmoe, Sebastien, Ebogo-Belobo, Jean Thierry, Kengne-Ndé, Cyprien, Mbaga, Donatien Serge, Bowo-Ngandji, Arnol, Ndzie Ondigui, Juliette Laure, Kenfack-Momo, Raoul, Tchatchouang, Serges, Kenfack-Zanguim, Josiane, Lontuo Fogang, Robertine, Zeuko'o Menkem, Elisabeth, Kame-Ngasse, Ginette Irma, Magoudjou-Pekam, Jeannette Nina, Veneri, Carolina, Mancini, Pamela, Bonanno Ferraro, Giusy, Iaconelli, Marcello, Orlandi, Lidia, Del Giudice, Claudia, Suffredini, Elisabetta, La Rosa, Giuseppina
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 06-01-2023
MDPI
Subjects:
Anemia
Bias
Chi-square test
Developing countries
Drinking Water
Floodwater
Food contamination
Food contamination & poisoning
Groundwater
Groundwater treatment
Hepatitis
Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A - epidemiology
Hepatitis A virus
Hepatitis, Viral, Human
Heterogeneity
Humans
Infections
Ingestion
Irrigation water
LDCs
Liver
Management systems
Meta-analysis
Prevalence
Process controls
Review
Reviews
Sample size
Shellfish
Surface water
Surface-groundwater relations
System effectiveness
Systematic review
Viruses
Waste management
Wastewater
Wastewater treatment
Water management
Water treatment
prevalence
Hepatitis A virus
water matrices
HAV
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Description
Summary:Hepatitis A is a common form of viral hepatitis. It is usually transmitted through the ingestion of contaminated food and water. This systematic review was carried out to summarise the overall prevalence of Hepatitis A virus (HAV) in different water matrices: untreated and treated wastewater, surface water, groundwater, drinking water, and others (e.g., irrigation water and floodwater). The literature search was performed in four databases: PubMed, Web of Science, Global Index Medicus, and Excerpta Medica Database. Heterogeneity (I2) was assessed using the χ2 test on the Cochran Q statistic and H parameters. A total of 200 prevalence data from 144 articles were included in this meta-analysis. The overall prevalence of HAV in water matrices was 16.7% (95% CI: 13.4−20.3). The prevalence for individual matrix was as follows: 31.4% (95% CI: 23.0−40.4) untreated wastewater, 18.0% (95% CI: 9.5−28.2) treated wastewater, 15.0% (95% CI: 10.1−20.5) surface water, 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1−6.0) in groundwater, 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0−1.7) in drinking water, and 8.5% (95% CI: 3.1−15.6) in other matrices. The prevalence was higher in low-income economies (29.0%). Africa and Eastern Mediterranean were the regions with higher HAV prevalence values. This study showed a high heterogeneity (I2 > 75%) with a significant publication bias (p value Egger test < 0.001). The results of this review suggest that water matrices could be an important route of HAV transmission even in industrialized countries, despite the lower prevalence compared to less industrialized countries, and the availability of advanced water management systems. More effective water/wastewater treatment strategies are needed in developing countries to limit the environmental circulation of HAV.
ISSN:1660-4601
1661-7827
1660-4601
DOI:10.3390/ijerph20021054