H7N7 Avian Influenza Virus Mutation from Low to High Pathogenicity on a Layer Chicken Farm in the UK

Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7 are capable of mutating from low to high pathogenicity strains, causing high mortality in poultry with significant economic losses globally. During 2015, two outbreaks of H7N7 low pathogenicity AIV (LPAIV) in Germany, and one each in the United Kingdom...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Viruses Vol. 13; no. 2; p. 259
Main Authors:	Byrne, Alexander M P, Reid, Scott M, Seekings, Amanda H, Núñez, Alejandro, Obeso Prieto, Ana B, Ridout, Susan, Warren, Caroline J, Puranik, Anita, Ceeraz, Vanessa, Essen, Stephen, Slomka, Marek J, Banks, Jill, Brown, Ian H, Brookes, Sharon M
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 08-02-2021 MDPI
Subjects:	Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood Antigens Avian flu avian influenza Birds Chickens Disease Outbreaks - veterinary Epidemics Epidemiology Farms Genome, Viral - genetics Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus - genetics Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus - immunology high pathogenicity Influenza Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype - classification Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype - genetics Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype - immunology Influenza A Virus, H7N7 Subtype - pathogenicity Influenza in Birds - epidemiology Influenza in Birds - pathology Influenza in Birds - transmission Influenza in Birds - virology low pathogenicity Mortality Mutation outbreak Outbreaks Pathogenicity Phylogenetics Phylogeny Poultry Poultry Diseases - epidemiology Poultry Diseases - pathology Poultry Diseases - transmission Poultry Diseases - virology United Kingdom - epidemiology Virus Shedding - genetics Viruses United Kingdom England United Kingdom > UK United States > US Germany outbreak poultry avian influenza high pathogenicity low pathogenicity H7
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Summary:	Avian influenza virus (AIV) subtypes H5 and H7 are capable of mutating from low to high pathogenicity strains, causing high mortality in poultry with significant economic losses globally. During 2015, two outbreaks of H7N7 low pathogenicity AIV (LPAIV) in Germany, and one each in the United Kingdom (UK) and The Netherlands occurred, as well as single outbreaks of H7N7 high pathogenicity AIV (HPAIV) in Germany and the UK. Both HPAIV outbreaks were linked to precursor H7N7 LPAIV outbreaks on the same or adjacent premises. Herein, we describe the clinical, epidemiological, and virological investigations for the H7N7 UK HPAIV outbreak on a farm with layer chickens in mixed free-range and caged units. H7N7 HPAIV was identified and isolated from clinical samples, as well as H7N7 LPAIV, which could not be isolated. Using serological and molecular evidence, we postulate how the viruses spread throughout the premises, indicating potential points of incursion and possible locations for the mutation event. Serological and mortality data suggested that the LPAIV infection preceded the HPAIV infection and afforded some clinical protection against the HPAIV. These results document the identification of a LPAIV to HPAIV mutation in nature, providing insights into factors that drive its manifestation during outbreaks.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 These authors contributed equally to this work.
ISSN:	1999-4915 1999-4915
DOI:	10.3390/v13020259