Identification of D-Limonene Metabolites by LC-HRMS: An Exploratory Metabolic Switching Approach in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Identification of D-Limonene Metabolites by LC-HRMS: An Exploratory Metabolic Switching Approach in a Mouse Model of Diet-Induced Obesity

Metabolic switching has been raised as an important phenomenon to be studied in relation to xenobiotic metabolites, since the dose of the exposure determines the formation of metabolites and their bioactivity. Limonene is a monoterpene mostly found in citrus fruits with health activity, and its phas...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Metabolites Vol. 12; no. 12; p. 1246
Main Authors: Rinaldi de Alvarenga, José Fernando, Lei Preti, Caroline, Santos Martins, Lara, Noronha Hernandez, Guilherme, Genaro, Brunna, Lamesa Costa, Bruna, Gieseler Dias, Caroline, Purgatto, Eduardo, Fiamoncini, Jarlei
Format: Journal Article
Language:English
Published: Switzerland MDPI AG 09-12-2022
MDPI
Subjects:
Adipose tissue
Animals
Biological activity
Body weight gain
Diet
Feeds
Health aspects
high-resolution mass spectrometer
Identification
Limonene
Liquid chromatography
Mass spectrometry
Medical research
Medicine, Experimental
Metabolism
Metabolites
Methods
monoterpenes activity
Obesity
Oils & fats
Physiological aspects
Phytochemicals
xenobiotic metabolism
Italy
Brazil
United States > US
Japan
Germany
monoterpenes activity
xenobiotic metabolism
high-resolution mass spectrometer
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Summary:Metabolic switching has been raised as an important phenomenon to be studied in relation to xenobiotic metabolites, since the dose of the exposure determines the formation of metabolites and their bioactivity. Limonene is a monoterpene mostly found in citrus fruits with health activity, and its phase II metabolites and activity are still not clear. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of D-limonene in the development of diet-induced obesity in mice and to investigate metabolites that could be generated in a study assessing different doses of supplementation. Animals were induced to obesity and supplemented with 0.1% or 0.8% D-limonene added to the feed. Limonene phase I and II metabolites were identified in liver and urine by LC-ESI-qToF-MS/MS. To the best of our knowledge, in this study three new phase I metabolites and ten different phase II metabolites were first attributed to D-limonene. Supplementation with 0.1% D-limonene was associated with lower weight gain and a trend to lower accumulation of adipose tissue deposits. The metabolites limonene-8,9-diol, perillic acid and perillic acid-8,9-diol should be explored in future research as anti-obesogenic agents as they were the metabolites most abundant in the urine of mice that received 0.1% D-limonene in their feed.
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content type line 23
ISSN:2218-1989
2218-1989
DOI:10.3390/metabo12121246