Perseverance’s Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) Investigation

The Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is a robotic arm-mounted instrument on NASA’s Perseverance rover. SHERLOC has two primary boresights. The Spectroscopy boresight generates spatially resolved chemical maps using fluorescence and Rama...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Space science reviews Vol. 217; no. 58
Main Authors:	Bhartia, Rohit, Beegle, Luther W, DeFlores, Lauren, Abbey, William J, Hollis, Joseph Razzell, Uckert, Kyle, Monacelli, Brian, Edgett, Kenneth S, Kennedy, Megan R, Sylvia, Margarite, Aldrich, David, Anderson, Mark S, Asher, Sanford A, Bailey, Zachary J, Boyd, Kerry, Burton, Aaron S, Caffrey, Michael, Calaway, Michael J, Calvet, Robert J, Cameron, Bruce A, Caplinger, Michael A, Carrier, Brandi, Chen, Natalie, Chen, Amy C, Clark, Matthew J, Clegg, Samuel M, Conrad, Pamela G, Cooper, Moogega, Davis, Kristine N, Ehlmann, Bethany L, Facto, Linda J, Fries, Marc D, Garrison, Daniel H, Gasway, Denine, Ghaemi, F Tony, Graff, Trevor G, Hand, Kevin P, Harris, Cathleen, Hein, Jeffrey D, Heinz, Nicholas, Herzog, Harrison, Hochberg, Eric B, Houck, Andrew, Hug, William F, Jensen, Elsa H, Kah, Linda Christine, Kennedy, John A, Krylo, Robert, Lam, Johnathan, Lindeman, Mark A, McGlown, Justin, Michel, John, Miller, Ed, Mills, Zachary, Minitti, Michelle E, Mok, Fai, Moore, James D, Nealson, Kenneth H, Nelson, Anthony, Newell, Raymond, Nixon, Brian E, Nordman, Daniel A, Nuding, Danielle L, Orellana, Sonny M, Pauken, Michael T, Peterson, Glen, Pollock, Randy, Quinn, Heather, Quinto, Claire, Ravine, Michael A, Reid, Ray D, Riendeau, Joe, Ross, Amy J, Sackos, Joshua, Schaffner, Jacob A, Schwochert, Mark A, Shelton, Molly O, Simon, Rufus, Smith, Caroline L, Steadman, Kimberly B, Steele, Andrew, Thiessen, Dave, Tran, Vinh D, Tsai, Tony, Tuite, Michael, Tung, Eric, Wehbe, Rami A, Weinberg, Rachael, Weiner, Ryan H, Weins, Roger C, Williford, Kenneth, Wollonciej, Chris, Wu, Yen-Hung, Yingst, R Aileen, Zan, Jason A
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Johnson Space Center Springer 01-06-2021 Springer Netherlands Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Aerospace Technology and Astronautics ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS Astrophysics and Astroparticles Boresights Chemicals Color imagery Fluorescence Geochemistry Image acquisition INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Lasers Luminescence Lunar And Planetary Science And Exploration Mars Mars rovers Minerals Neon Physics Physics and Astronomy Pixels Planetology Raman spectroscopy Robot arms Scanning Scientific research Space Exploration and Astronautics Space Sciences (including Extraterrestrial Physics Spatial distribution Spectra Spectroscopy Spectrum analysis Target acquisition The Mars 2020 Mission
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Summary:	The Scanning Habitable Environments with Raman and Luminescence for Organics and Chemicals (SHERLOC) is a robotic arm-mounted instrument on NASA’s Perseverance rover. SHERLOC has two primary boresights. The Spectroscopy boresight generates spatially resolved chemical maps using fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy coupled to microscopic images (10.1 μm/pixel). The second boresight is a Wide Angle Topographic Sensor for Operations and eNgineering (WATSON); a copy of the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Mars Hand Lens Imager (MAHLI) that obtains color images from microscopic scales (∼13 μm/pixel) to infinity. SHERLOC Spectroscopy focuses a 40 μs pulsed deep UV neon-copper laser (248.6 nm), to a ∼100 μm spot on a target at a working distance of ∼48 mm. Fluorescence emissions from organics, and Raman scattered photons from organics and minerals, are spectrally resolved with a single diffractive grating spectrograph with a spectral range of 250 to ∼370 nm. Because the fluorescence and Raman regions are naturally separated with deep UV excitation (<250 nm), the Raman region ∼ 800 – 4000 cm−1 (250 to 273 nm) and the fluorescence region (274 to ∼370 nm) are acquired simultaneously without time gating or additional mechanisms. SHERLOC science begins by using an Autofocus Context Imager (ACI) to obtain target focus and acquire 10.1 μm/pixel greyscale images. Chemical maps of organic and mineral signatures are acquired by the orchestration of an internal scanning mirror that moves the focused laser spot across discrete points on the target surface where spectra are captured on the spectrometer detector. ACI images and chemical maps (< 100 μm/mapping pixel) will enable the first Mars in situ view of the spatial distribution and interaction between organics, minerals, and chemicals important to the assessment of potential biogenicity (containing CHNOPS). Single robotic arm placement chemical maps can cover areas up to 7x7 mm in area and, with the < 10 min acquisition time per map, larger mosaics are possible with arm movements. This microscopic view of the organic geochemistry of a target at the Perseverance field site, when combined with the other instruments, such as Mastcam-Z, PIXL, and SuperCam, will enable unprecedented analysis of geological materials for both scientific research and determination of which samples to collect and cache for Mars sample return.
Bibliography:	Johnson Space Center JSC National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) LA-UR-20-30451 89233218CNA000001
ISSN:	0038-6308 1572-9672
DOI:	10.1007/s11214-021-00812-z