National Antibiotics Utilization Trends for Human Use in Tanzania from 2010 to 2016 Inferred from Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority Importation Data

Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The surveillance of AMU, which is a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotics...

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Published in:	Antibiotics (Basel) Vol. 10; no. 10; p. 1249
Main Authors:	Sangeda, Raphael Zozimus, Saburi, Habibu Ally, Masatu, Faustine Cassian, Aiko, Beatrice Godwin, Mboya, Erick Alexander, Mkumbwa, Sonia, Bitegeko, Adonis, Mwalwisi, Yonah Hebron, Nkiligi, Emmanuel Alphonse, Chambuso, Mhina, Sillo, Hiiti Baran, Fimbo, Adam M, Horumpende, Pius Gerald
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Switzerland MDPI AG 15-10-2021 MDPI
Subjects:	Amoxicillin Antibiotic resistance Antibiotics antibiotics utilization antimicrobial Antimicrobial agents Antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial use Bacteria Ciprofloxacin Classification Consumption Defined Daily Dose Drug dosages Drug resistance Economic growth Electronic devices Importation Medical equipment Medicine Metronidazole Penicillin Private sector Staphylococcus infections Surveillance Tanzania Time series Trends Utilization Viral infections Tanzania antibiotics utilization antimicrobial Anatomical Therapeutic and Chemical Classification antimicrobial resistance Tanzania antimicrobial use Defined Daily Dose
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Summary:	Antimicrobial use (AMU) is one of the major drivers of emerging antimicrobial resistance (AMR). The surveillance of AMU, which is a pillar of AMR stewardship (AMS), helps devise strategies to mitigate AMR. This descriptive, longitudinal retrospective study quantified the trends in human antibiotics utilization between 2010 and 2016 using data on all antibiotics imported for systemic human use into Tanzania's mainland. Regression and time series analyses were used to establish trends in antibiotics use. A total of 12,073 records for antibiotics were retrieved, totaling 154.51 Defined Daily Doses per 1000 inhabitants per day (DID), with a mean (±standard deviation) of 22.07 (±48.85) DID. The private sector contributed 93.76% of utilized antibiotics. The top-ranking antibiotics were amoxicillin, metronidazole, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, and cefalexin. The DIDs and percentage contribution of these antibiotics were 53.78 (34.81%), 23.86 (15.44), 20.53 (13.29), 9.27 (6.0) and 6.94 (4.49), respectively. The time series model predicted a significant increase in utilization ( -value = 0.002). The model forecasted that by 2022, the total antibiotics consumed would be 89.6 DIDs, which is a 13-fold increase compared to 2010. Government intervention to curb inappropriate antibiotics utilization and mitigate the rising threat of antibiotic resistance should focus on implementing AMS programs in pharmacies and hospitals in Tanzania.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	2079-6382 2079-6382
DOI:	10.3390/antibiotics10101249