Rapid Spread of Vibrio cholerae O1 Throughout Kenya, 2005

Between January and June 2005, 5 distinct cholera outbreaks occurred in Kenya. Overall, 990 cases and 25 deaths (2.5%) were reported. Four outbreaks occurred in towns along major highways, and 1 occurred in a refugee camp near the Sudanese border, accessible to Nairobi by daily flights. Matched case...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene Vol. 78; no. 3; pp. 527 - 533
Main Authors:	Mugoya, Isaac, Kariuki, Samuel, Galgalo, Tura, Njuguna, Charles, Omollo, Jared, Njoroge, Jackson, Kalani, Rosalia, Nzioka, Charles, Tetteh, Christopher, Bedno, Sheryl, Breiman, Robert F, Feikin, Daniel R
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Lawrence, KS ASTMH 01-03-2008 Allen Press
Subjects:	Adolescent Adult Bacterial diseases Biological and medical sciences Case-Control Studies Child Child, Preschool Cholera Cholera - epidemiology Cholera - microbiology Disease Outbreaks Female Human bacterial diseases Humans Infant Infant, Newborn Infectious diseases Kenya - epidemiology Male Medical sciences Middle Aged Risk Factors Time Factors Tropical bacterial diseases Vibrio cholerae Vibrio cholerae - classification Kenya Africa Kenya, Nairobi Infection Epidemic Human 2005 Vibrio cholerae Bacteriosis Bacteria Vibrionaceae Tropical medicine Cholera Public health
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Summary:	Between January and June 2005, 5 distinct cholera outbreaks occurred in Kenya. Overall, 990 cases and 25 deaths (2.5%) were reported. Four outbreaks occurred in towns along major highways, and 1 occurred in a refugee camp near the Sudanese border, accessible to Nairobi by daily flights. Matched case-control studies from 2 outbreaks showed that failure to treat drinking water and storing drinking water in wide-mouthed containers were significantly associated with disease. Isolates from all 5 outbreaks were Vibrio cholerae O1, Inaba serotype, and had genetically similar PFGE patterns of SfiI-digested chromosomal DNA. Linkage of the outbreak locations by major transportation routes, their temporal proximity, and similar PFGE patterns of isolates suggests the outbreaks might have been linked epidemiologically, showing the speed and distance of cholera spread in countries like Kenya with pockets of susceptible populations connected by modern transportation. Prevention measures remain implementation of point-of-use safe water systems and case finding and referral.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23 ObjectType-Article-1 ObjectType-Feature-2
ISSN:	0002-9637 1476-1645
DOI:	10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.527