Hydrogen production, storage, transportation and key challenges with applications: A review
Hydrogen clean energy carrier as one of most essential clean and sustainable resource with main applications in both research and industry diverse. [Display omitted] •H2 exists mostly in plant materials and is not readily available in nature.•H2 fuel is nonmetallic, non-toxic and can show higher ene...
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| Published in: | Energy conversion and management Vol. 165; pp. 602 - 627 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Oxford
Elsevier Ltd
01-06-2018
Elsevier Science Ltd |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Hydrogen clean energy carrier as one of most essential clean and sustainable resource with main applications in both research and industry diverse.
[Display omitted]
•H2 exists mostly in plant materials and is not readily available in nature.•H2 fuel is nonmetallic, non-toxic and can show higher energy compared to other fuels.•H2 industry key challenges are clarified to facilitate H2 usage as alternative energy.
The energy demand worldwide has increased significantly with the increase in population. This is because energy is needed in almost every activity. For example, in industry, working, cleaning, transportation and commuting from one place to another. The majority of energy being used is obtained from fossil fuels, which are not renewable resources and require a longer time to recharge or return to its original capacity. Energy from fossil fuels is cheaper but it faces some challenges compared to renewable energy resources. Thus, one of the most potential candidates to fulfill the energy requirements are renewable resources and the most environmentally friendly fuel is hydrogen (H2). Hydrogen exists mostly in plant materials and is not readily available in nature. It is necessary to produce hydrogen from available feedstock (water), which covers 70% of the earth. Moreover, hydrogen under standard pressure and temperature has an important merit; it can be obtained from renewable resources. Although, currently it is produced from fossil fuels. Hydrogen as a fuel is nonmetallic, non-toxic and can generate higher energy than gasoline on a mass basis. However, to employ hydrogen as a fuel, extensive research is essential to investigate and design on-board applications. Also, the cost of producing hydrogen (renewable) is expensive compared to gasoline (fossil). Thus, the production of H2 from renewable resources and from fossil fuels requires tremendous effort. One of these efforts is to generate H2 from biofuels as it is considered a promising technique that can help manage hydrogen from food waste. In addition, hydrogen storage materials are still lacking in both volumetric and gravimetric density. In this review, the key challenges that hydrogen industry are confronting are introduced and highlighted to facilitate the use of hydrogen as an alternative energy. |
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| ISSN: | 0196-8904 1879-2227 |
| DOI: | 10.1016/j.enconman.2018.03.088 |