Synthesis, characterization, and cytocompatibility of yttria stabilized zirconia nanopowders for creating a window to the brain

Transparent cranial window to the brain is highly desirable for brain therapies because such cranial implant would allow for continuous monitoring of brain disorders and long‐term delivery of photodynamic therapy into the brain without repeated surgeries for opening skull. Nanostructured yttria‐stab...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials Vol. 108; no. 3; pp. 925 - 938
Main Authors:	Rutherford, Dana, Exarhos, Stephen, Xu, Changlu, Niacaris, Matt, Mariano, Crystal, Dayap, Bryce, Mangolini, Lorenzo, Liu, Huinan
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Hoboken, USA John Wiley & Sons, Inc 01-04-2020 Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
Subjects:	aerosol spray pyrolysis Biocompatibility Biomedical materials Bone marrow Brain Cell adhesion Cell adhesion & migration Cell culture Composition cytocompatibility with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) Cytology Materials research Materials science Mesenchymal stem cells Mesenchyme Morphology Nanoparticles Optical properties Photodynamic therapy Pyrolysis Skull Spray pyrolysis Stability Stem cells Surgery Surgical implants Synthesis transparent cranial window to the brain Transplants & implants yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanopowders Yttria-stabilized zirconia Yttrium oxide Zirconia Zirconium dioxide yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) nanopowders transparent cranial window to the brain cytocompatibility with bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) aerosol spray pyrolysis
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Summary:	Transparent cranial window to the brain is highly desirable for brain therapies because such cranial implant would allow for continuous monitoring of brain disorders and long‐term delivery of photodynamic therapy into the brain without repeated surgeries for opening skull. Nanostructured yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) is a potential candidate for the window to the brain application because of its promising mechanical and optical properties. In this study, a new process using aerosol spray pyrolysis was established for synthesizing 6–7 nm YSZ nanopowders with precisely controlled compositions. YSZ nanopowders with 3 M ratios of yttria to zirconia, specifically 3, 6, and 8% yttria in zirconia (referred to as 3YSZ, 6YSZ, and 8YSZ, respectively) were synthesized and characterized. The size, structure, and composition of the produced YSZ nanoparticles are highly controllable and scalable. The in vitro cytocompatibility of the YSZ nanoparticles with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) was investigated using a direct exposure culture method for cranial implant applications. Nondoped ZrO2 and commercially available 8YSZ (named as C_8YSZ) served as controls for the in vitro cell studies. BMSCs exhibited normal morphology when cultured with the YSZs of 3 M ratios in the concentrations of 10 mM, 30 mM, and 60 mM, as well as ZrO2 and C_8YSZ controls. The BMSCs cultured with 3YSZ and 6YSZ showed no statistical differences in cell adhesion density when compared with the ZrO2 and C_8YSZ controls at respective concentrations of 10–60 mM. The possible release of YSZ nanoparticles from cranial window implants should be carefully considered and further studied.
Bibliography:	Funding information National Science Foundation, Grant/Award Number: PIRE 1545852; University of California
ISSN:	1552-4973 1552-4981
DOI:	10.1002/jbm.b.34445