An analysis of hospital pharmacy practice in six countries of sub‐Saharan Africa based on the International Pharmaceutical Federation Basel Statements on the future of hospital pharmacy

Objectives The objective of this study was to update the self‐assessment tool and to evaluate current hospital pharmacy practices in six sub‐Saharan African countries. Methods Questions in the validated survey were edited if the revised Basel Statement changed intent. A total of 13 updates were made...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	The International journal of pharmacy practice Vol. 27; no. 6; pp. 528 - 535
Main Authors:	Law, Miranda G., Marriott, Jennifer, Usifoh, Cyril, Acheampong, Franklin, Muungo, Lungwani, Adome, Richard Odoi, Monera‐Penduka, Tsitsi G., Ndzabala, Nettie, Eckel, Stephen F.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01-12-2019
Subjects:	Africa South of the Sahara Basel Statements hospital pharmacy practice Hospitals Humans International Pharmaceutical Federation Internationality Pharmacists Pharmacy pharmacy best practices Pharmacy Service, Hospital - organization & administration Pharmacy Service, Hospital - standards Quality of Health Care sub‐Saharan Africa Surveys and Questionnaires Africa South of the Sahara Uganda Ghana Zambia Nigeria Malawi Africa Basel Statements pharmacy best practices sub-Saharan Africa International Pharmaceutical Federation hospital pharmacy practice
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Summary:	Objectives The objective of this study was to update the self‐assessment tool and to evaluate current hospital pharmacy practices in six sub‐Saharan African countries. Methods Questions in the validated survey were edited if the revised Basel Statement changed intent. A total of 13 updates were made. The survey was administered via e‐mail to pharmacy personnel in any hospital centre in Ghana (258 total hospitals), Nigeria (17 038 total hospitals), Malawi (499 total hospitals), Uganda (155 total hospitals), Zambia (98 total hospitals) and Zimbabwe (1389 total hospitals). Snowball sampling increased reach of the survey across each country. Key findings Responses were received from all six countries, with nine respondents from Ghana, 15 from Nigeria, two from Malawi, five from Uganda, nine from Zambia and four from Zimbabawe. Uganda had the highest achievement rates for tier one and tier three constructs, and Ghana had the highest achievement rate for tier two constructs. Malawi showed the lowest achievement rates in all three tiers. The six countries achieved an average of 82 per cent (SD = 24) of tier one constructs. Three tier one constructs were achieved less than 25 per cent of the time. Conclusion Multiple tier one (minimum standards in hospital pharmacy practice) constructs were achieved greater than 90% of the time, possibly reflecting efforts made towards hospital pharmacy practice advancement in select countries of sub‐Saharan Africa. Additionally, all countries achieved a majority of tier one overarching constructs. Despite these achievements, there are still many areas for growth, including select tier one constructs with low achievement rates.
ISSN:	0961-7671 2042-7174
DOI:	10.1111/ijpp.12560