A Combined Computer Vision and Convolution Neural Network Approach to Classify Turbid Water Samples in Accordance with National Water Quality Standards

Computer vision (CV) technologies have been applied extensively in turbid water assessment. However, the accuracies of CV to detect turbidity is limited by several factors such as inferior image quality and adoptation of traditional machine learning (MsL). Several past studies have shown that the ac...

Full description

Saved in:

Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Arabian journal for science and engineering (2011) Vol. 49; no. 3; pp. 3503 - 3516
Main Authors:	Nazemi Ashani, Zahra, Zainuddin, Mohamad Faiz, Che Ilias, Iszuanie Syafidza, Ng, Keng Yap
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01-03-2024 Springer Nature B.V
Subjects:	Accuracy Artificial intelligence Artificial neural networks Classification Color imagery Computer vision Digital imaging Distilled water Engineering Humanities and Social Sciences Image acquisition Image enhancement Image quality Machine learning multidisciplinary Neural networks Quality assessment Quality standards Research Article-Computer Engineering and Computer Science Science Turbidity Water quality Water sampling Nephelometry Computer vision Keras architecture SMOTE Convolutional neural network Turbidity Artificial intelligence Image pre-processing
Online Access:	Get full text
Tags:	Add Tag No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!

Description
Summary:	Computer vision (CV) technologies have been applied extensively in turbid water assessment. However, the accuracies of CV to detect turbidity is limited by several factors such as inferior image quality and adoptation of traditional machine learning (MsL). Several past studies have shown that the accuracy of CV to detect turbidity can be enhanced by employing image pre-processing and artificial intelligence (AI). Therefore, this study proposes a combined CV and convolution neural network (CNN) approach for turbid water classification in accordance with national water quality standards. A total of 71 turbid water samples in the range of 0–100 nephelometry turbidity units (NTU) were prepared from a mixture of 1000 NTU stock Formazine solution and distilled water. Digital images of water samples were acquired with the Asus Zenfone Go smartphone and nephelometry principle. Synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) was employed for image pre-processing, synthesis, and augmentation. Classification models were developed with Keras CNN architecture and TensorFlow framework. Two national water standards referred to were Malaysia National Water Quality Standard Class I (NWQS-C1) and France Système D’évaluation de la Qualité des cours d’EAU bleu aptitude (SEQ-EAU- b ). The proposed CV-CNN approach was successfully implemented with 94.34–98.42% accuracy. The accuracy of CNN was slightly higher when trained with color images (98.42%) than with grayscale images (94.34%). This study demonstrated that CV and CNN are excellent tools for water quality assessment, especially for classifying water turbidity.
ISSN:	2193-567X 1319-8025 2191-4281
DOI:	10.1007/s13369-023-08064-5