Genetic monitoring detects an overlooked cryptic species and reveals the diversity and distribution of three invasive Rattus congeners in South Africa

South Africa's long and extensive trade activity has ensured ample opportunities for exotic species introduction. Whereas the rich biodiversity of endemic southern African fauna has been the focus of many studies, invasive vertebrates are generally overlooked despite potential impacts on biodiv...

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Published in:	BMC genetics Vol. 12; no. 1; p. 26
Main Authors:	Bastos, Armanda D, Nair, Deenadayalan, Taylor, Peter J, Brettschneider, Helene, Kirsten, Frikkie, Mostert, Elmarie, von Maltitz, Emil, Lamb, Jennifer M, van Hooft, Pim, Belmain, Steven R, Contrafatto, Giancarlo, Downs, Sarah, Chimimba, Christian T
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	England BioMed Central Ltd 16-02-2011 BioMed Central BMC
Subjects:	Africa South of the Sahara Animals Biodiversity Biological diversity Biology Biomedical research black rats colonization Cytochrome b Cytochromes b - genetics Data collection Genetic aspects Genetic diversity Haplotypes Introduced Species madagascar mitochondrial-dna muridae native-range phylogenies Phylogeography Physiological aspects prediction radiation Rats Rats - classification Rats - genetics Rattus rodentia Rodents South Africa Africa South of the Sahara South Africa
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Summary:	South Africa's long and extensive trade activity has ensured ample opportunities for exotic species introduction. Whereas the rich biodiversity of endemic southern African fauna has been the focus of many studies, invasive vertebrates are generally overlooked despite potential impacts on biodiversity, health and agriculture. Genetic monitoring of commensal rodents in South Africa which uncovered the presence of Rattus tanezumi, a South-East Asian endemic not previously known to occur in Africa, provided the impetus for expanded studies on all invasive Rattus species present. To this end, intensified sampling at 28 South African localities and at one site in Swaziland, identified 149 Rattus specimens. Cytochrome b gene sequencing revealed the presence of two R. tanezumi, seven Rattus rattus and five Rattus norvegicus haplotypes in south Africa. Phylogenetic results were consistent with a single, recent R. tanezumi introduction and indicated that R. norvegicus and R. rattus probably became established following at least two and three independent introductions, respectively. Intra- and inter-specific diversity was highest in informal human settlements, with all three species occurring at a single metropolitan township site. Rattus norvegicus and R. rattus each occurred sympatrically with Rattus tanezumi at one and five sites, respectively. Karyotyping of selected R. rattus and R. tanezumi individuals identified diploid numbers consistent with those reported previously for these cryptic species. Ordination of bioclimatic variables and MaxEnt ecological niche modelling confirmed that the bioclimatic niche occupied by R. tanezumi in south Africa was distinct from that occupied in its naturalised range in south-east Asia suggesting that factors other than climate may influence the distribution of this species. This study has highlighted the value of genetic typing for detecting cryptic invasive species, providing historical insights into introductions and for directing future sampling. The apparent ease with which a cryptic species can become established signals the need for broader implementation of genetic monitoring programmes. In addition to providing baseline data and potentially identifying high-risk introduction routes, the predictive power of ecological niche modelling is enhanced when species records are genetically verified.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	1471-2156 1471-2156
DOI:	10.1186/1471-2156-12-26