Results of an interlaboratory study on the working curve in vat photopolymerization

The working curve informs resin properties and print parameters for stereolithography, digital light processing, and other photopolymer additive manufacturing (PAM) technologies. First demonstrated in 1992, the working curve measurement of cure depth vs radiant exposure of light is now a foundationa...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Additive manufacturing Vol. 84; no. C; p. 104082
Main Authors:	Kolibaba, Thomas J., Killgore, Jason P., Caplins, Benjamin W., Higgins, Callie I., Arp, Uwe, Miller, C. Cameron, Poster, Dianne L., Zong, Yuqin, Broce, Scott, Wang, Tong, Talačka, Vaidas, Andersson, Jonathan, Davenport, Amelia, Panzer, Matthew A., Tumbleston, John R., Gonzalez, Jasmine M., Huffstetler, Jesse, Lund, Benjamin R., Billerbeck, Kai, Clay, Anthony M., Fratarcangeli, Marcus R., Qi, H. Jerry, Porcincula, Dominique H., Bezek, Lindsey B., Kikuta, Kenji, Pearlson, Matthew N., Walker, David A., Long, Corey J., Hasa, Erion, Aguirre-Soto, Alan, Celis-Guzman, Angel, Backman, Daniel E., Sridhar, Raghuveer Lalitha, Cavicchi, Kevin A., Viereckl, RJ, Tong, Elliott, Hansen, Christopher J., Shah, Darshil M., Kinane, Cecelia, Pena-Francesch, Abdon, Antonini, Carlo, Chaudhary, Rajat, Muraca, Gabriele, Bensouda, Yousra, Zhang, Yue, Zhao, Xiayun
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-03-2024 Elsevier
Subjects:	Digital light processing Jacobs equation Stereolithography Vat photopolymerization Working curve Working curve Vat photopolymerization Digital light processing Jacobs equation Stereolithography
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Summary:	The working curve informs resin properties and print parameters for stereolithography, digital light processing, and other photopolymer additive manufacturing (PAM) technologies. First demonstrated in 1992, the working curve measurement of cure depth vs radiant exposure of light is now a foundational measurement in the field of PAM. Despite its widespread use in industry and academia, there is no formal method or procedure for performing the working curve measurement, raising questions about the utility of reported working curve parameters. Here, an interlaboratory study (ILS) is described in which 24 individual laboratories performed a working curve measurement on an aliquot from a single batch of PAM resin. The ILS reveals that there is enormous scatter in the working curve data and the key fit parameters derived from it. The measured depth of light penetration Dp varied by as much as 7x between participants, while the critical radiant exposure for gelation Ec varied by as much as 70x. This significant scatter is attributed to a lack of common procedure, variation in light engines, epistemic uncertainties from the Jacobs equation, and the use of measurement tools with insufficient precision. The ILS findings highlight an urgent need for procedural standardization and better hardware characterization in this rapidly growing field. •The working curve is a fundamental measurement to characterize vat photopolymerization resins.•Despite 30 years of history, there is no documentary standard method for measuring a working curve.•An interlaboratory study distributed identical resin aliquots to 24 participants.•The reported fit parameters to vary by as much as 70x from one lab to another.•A documentary standard is required for working curves to have translational value in academic or industrial environments.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 USDOE AC52-07NA27344; LLNL-JRNL-858222
ISSN:	2214-8604 2214-7810
DOI:	10.1016/j.addma.2024.104082