Annual variation of fluoride level in drinking water in certain regions of the Republic of North Macedonia
Fluoride levels in drinking water varies in a wide range, which mainly depends on the geological and physical-chemical characteristics of the soil, the porosity of the mineral rocks in the region, the temperature, and the depth of the aquifer. When present at appropriate levels is recommended for pr...
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| Published in: | Macedonian pharmaceutical bulletin Vol. 65; no. 1; pp. 83 - 93 |
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
| Format: | Journal Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
2019
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| Online Access: | Get full text |
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| Summary: | Fluoride levels in drinking water varies in a wide range, which mainly depends on the geological and physical-chemical characteristics of the soil, the porosity of the mineral rocks in the region, the temperature, and the depth of the aquifer. When present at appropriate levels is recommended for prevention of dental caries, but high levels may provoke fluorosis. Hence, determination of fluoride concentration considering the balance between benefits and risks to health is an important parameter for the water quality assessment.
In this study, the annual variation of fluorides in drinking water comprising different regions of the Republic of North Macedonia was analyzed. The total dissolved fluoride was determined potentiometrically using a fluoride combined ion-selective electrode (ISE) and a pH meter with an enlarged millivolt (mV) scale.
WHO recommended fluoride in drinking water to range from 0.5 to 1.5 mg/L in order good health of teeth to be provided. The results of this study indicated that analyzed 104 samples of water contained fluorides in lower quantities compared to upper safety limit established by our national legislation and Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality of the WHO. During the summer period, in the majority of the samples fluoride levels were further reduced compared to other seasons, which may due to a lower amount of rain. With regard to this, the obtained data for relatively low fluoride levels in water may serve to dentists both in clinical practice and public dental health, implying current information necessary for advising on fluoride supplementation to people.
Keywords: Fluoride, drinking water, fluoride analysis, potentiometric method |
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| ISSN: | 1409-8695 1857-8969 |
| DOI: | 10.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2019.65.01.008 |