Screening for Rift Valley fever infection in northern Somalia: A GIS based survey method to overcome the lack of sampling frame

Following repeated import bans imposed by Saudi Arabia on livestock originated from Somalia due to suspicion of Rift Valley fever (RVF) presence and the severe socio-economic consequences of this, it was imperative for the Somaliland government to carry out surveillance activities in order to determ...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	Veterinary microbiology Vol. 121; no. 3; pp. 249 - 256
Main Authors:	Soumare, Baba, Tempia, Stefano, Cagnolati, Vittorio, Mohamoud, Abdullatif, Van Huylenbroeck, Guido, Berkvens, Dirk
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Amsterdam Elsevier B.V 15-04-2007 Elsevier Science
Subjects:	animal diseases Animals Antibodies, Viral - blood Arboviroses Biological and medical sciences computer software Data Collection disease prevalence disease surveillance epidemiological studies Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Geographic Information Systems geographical distribution GIS Goat Diseases - epidemiology Goat Diseases - virology Goats herd health Human viral diseases Infectious diseases Medical sciences Microbiology Miscellaneous Prevalence Rift Valley fever Rift Valley Fever - epidemiology Rift Valley Fever - veterinary Rift Valley Fever - virology Rift Valley fever virus Rift Valley fever virus - isolation & purification risk assessment sampling Sampling methods screening serodiagnosis Seroepidemiologic Studies Sheep Sheep Diseases - epidemiology Sheep Diseases - virology Somalia - epidemiology spatial data Spatial distribution statistical analysis Tropical viral diseases validity Viral diseases Somalia GIS Sampling methods Prevalence Spatial distribution Rift Valley fever Rift valley fever Microbiology Samplings Method Epidemiology Infection Viral disease Arbovirus disease Veterinary
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Summary:	Following repeated import bans imposed by Saudi Arabia on livestock originated from Somalia due to suspicion of Rift Valley fever (RVF) presence and the severe socio-economic consequences of this, it was imperative for the Somaliland government to carry out surveillance activities in order to determine the status of transboundary diseases in its territory. A GIS computer software (Arcview ®) was used to overcome the lack of lists of sampling sites due to the high mobility of pastoral nomadic herds in the study area. This method proved very convenient and flexible for the random selection of sampling sites and thus the compliance with the requirements by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) for statistically valid methods if the surveillance outcome is to meet international recognition and acceptance. Screening in Somaliland in 2001 and in Puntland in 2003 which targeted mainly sheep and goats aged 1–2 years (97% of surveyed animals) revealed no signs compatible with the disease but an overall sero-prevalence of 2 ± 0.02% (90/4570) and 5 ± 0.3% (206/4050), respectively. The spatial distribution showed clusters of high sero-prevalence located mostly in the Nugal Valley. This trend was confirmed by the follow-up survey implemented in Somaliland in 2004 with a herd prevalence of 80 ± 6% and a within-herd prevalence up to 50% located again in the Nugal Valley. This result suggests the maintenance and increase of RVF virus activity in the valley. In addition conditions favourable to the breeding and survival of the vector population and the high density of livestock make the Nugal Valley an area of high risk for a RVF outbreak where sentinel herds will be placed.
Bibliography:	http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.017 ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0378-1135 1873-2542
DOI:	10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.12.017