Search Results - "Milstein, Cesar"

Bacterial and Yeast Chaperones Reduce Both Aggregate Formation and Cell Death in Mammalian Cell Models of Huntington's Disease by Carmichael, Jenny, Chatellier, Jean, Woolfson, Adrian, Milstein, Cesar, Fersht, Alan R., Rubinsztein, David C.

“…Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative condition caused by expansions of more than 35 uninterrupted CAG repeats in exon 1 of the…”
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Switch Junction Sequences in PMS2-Deficient Mice Reveal a Microhomology-Mediated Mechanism of Ig Class Switch Recombination by Ehrenstein, Michael R., Rada, Cristina, Jones, Anne-Marie, Milstein, Cesar, Neuberger, Michael S.

“…Isotype switching involves a region-specific, nonhomologous recombinational deletion that has been suggested to occur by nonhomologous joining of broken DNA…”
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Pillars Article: Origin of antibody variation. Nature 1966. 211: 242-243 by Brenner, Sydney, Milstein, César

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Conformational Isomerism and the Diversity of Antibodies by Foote, Jefferson, Milstein, Cesar

“…The fact that one cell encodes a single antibody sequence does not necessarily mean that the resulting antibody folds into a single structure, although this is…”
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Both DNA Strands of Antibody Genes are Hypermutation Targets by Milstein, Cesar, Neuberger, Michael S., Staden, Rodger

“…During the maturation of the immune response, antibody genes are subjected to localized hypermutation. Mutations are not evenly distributed along the V gene;…”
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Modifying the Sequence of an Immunoglobulin V-Gene Alters the Resulting Pattern of Hypermutation by Goyenechea, Beatriz, Milstein, Cesar

“…Affinity maturation of antibodies requires localized hypermutation and antigen selection. Hypermutation is particularly active in certain regions (notably the…”
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Mutation drift and repertoire shift in the maturation of the immune response by Berek, C, Milstein, C

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Passenger Transgenes Reveal Intrinsic Specificity of the Antibody Hypermutation Mechanism: Clustering, Polarity, and Specific Hot Spots by Betz, Alexander G., Rada, Cristina, Pannell, Richard, Milstein, Cesar, Neuberger, Michael S.

“…We have analyzed somatic hypermutation in mice carrying an immunoglobulin κ transgene in order to discriminate mutations that reflect the intrinsic specificity…”
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Memory in the B–cell compartment: antibody affinity maturation by Neuberger, Michael S., Ehrenstein, Michael R., Rada, Cristina, Sale, Julian, Batista, Facundo D., Williams, Gareth, Milstein, Cesar

“…In the humoral arm of the immune system, the memory response is not only more quickly elicited and of greater magnitude than the primary response, but it is…”
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Reshaping Human Antibodies: Grafting an Antilysozyme Activity by Verhoeyen, Martine, Milstein, Cesar, Winter, Greg

“…The production of therapeutic human monoclonal antibodies by hybridoma technology has proved difficult, and this has prompted the ``humanizing'' of mouse…”
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Developmental regulation of IgM secretion: the role of the carboxy-terminal cysteine by Sitia, R, Neuberger, M, Alberini, C, Bet, P, Fra, A, Valetti, C, Williams, G, Milstein, C

“…B lymphocytes do not secrete IgM, and plasma cells only secrete IgM polymers. Here we show that both events are attributable to the tailpiece found at the…”
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Two classes of CD1 genes by Calabi, F, Jarvis, J M, Martin, L, Milstein, C

“…Herein, we report the DNA sequence of two human CD1 genes, R2 and R3, distinct from those encoding the CD1a, -b and -c antigens. Both genes appear to have an…”
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AID-GFP Chimeric Protein Increases Hypermutation of Ig Genes with No Evidence of Nuclear Localization by Rada, Cristina, Jarvis, John M., Milstein, César

“…Somatic hypermutation generates variants of antibody genes and underpins the affinity maturation of antibodies. It is restricted to the V-gene segments, and…”
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Man-made antibodies by Winter, Greg, Milstein, César

“…Monoclonal antibodies can now be genetically engineered and endowed with new properties. In the future, gene technology could enable antigen-binding fragments…”
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Somatic Mutation of Immunoglobulin λ Chains: A Segment of the Major Intron Hypermutates as Much as the Complementarity-Determining Regions by Gonzalez-Fernandez, Africa, Gupta, Satish K., Pannell, Richard, Neuberger, Michael S., Milstein, Cesar

“…The rate and nature of hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes are of prime importance in the affinity maturation of antibodies. Although a considerable body of…”
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The intrinsic hypermutability of antibody heavy and light chain genes decays exponentially by Rada, Cristina, Milstein, César

“…Somatic hypermutation, essential for the affinity maturation of antibodies, is restricted to a small segment of DNA. The upstream boundary is sharp and is…”
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Hot Spot Focusing of Somatic Hypermutation in MSH2-Deficient Mice Suggests Two Stages of Mutational Targeting by Rada, Cristina, Ehrenstein, Michael R., Neuberger, Michael S., Milstein, César

“…Likely creation of mismatches during somatic hypermutation has stimulated interest in the effect of mismatch repair deficiency on the process. Analysis of…”
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Somatic mutation and the maturation of immune response to 2-phenyl oxazolone by Griffiths, Gillian M, Berek, Claudia, Kaartinen, Matti, Milstein, Cesar

“…Studies on the development of the immune response suggest that the repertoire of expressed antibody specificities is strongly influenced by antigen (reviewed…”
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Mutation and Selection During the Secondary Response to 2-Phenyloxazolone by Rada, Cristina, Gupta, Satish K., Gherardi, Ermanno, Milstein, Cesar

“…The most characteristic feature of the mouse antibody response to the hapten 2-phenyloxazolone is the recurrent expression of the light-chain variable region…”
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From Antibody Structure to Immunological Diversification of Immune Response by Milstein, Cesar

“…When an animal is infected, either naturally or by experimental injection, with a bacterium, virus, or other foreign body, the animal recognizes this as an…”
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