Vitamin D and L-cysteine levels correlate positively with GSH and negatively with insulin resistance levels in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients

Background/Objectives: Vitamin D, L -cysteine (LC) and glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in the blood of diabetic patients. This study examined the hypothesis that the levels of vitamin D and LC correlate with those of GSH in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), and that vitamin D and LC up...

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Published in:	European journal of clinical nutrition Vol. 68; no. 10; pp. 1148 - 1153
Main Authors:	Jain, S K, Micinski, D, Huning, L, Kahlon, G, Bass, P F, Levine, S N
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	London Nature Publishing Group UK 01-10-2014 Nature Publishing Group
Subjects:	13 13/1 692/699 692/699/2743/137/773 96/1 Alfacalcidol Biological and medical sciences Biosynthesis Blood Body weight Calcifediol Cell Line Clinical Nutrition Cysteine Cysteine - blood Cysteine - pharmacology Diabetes Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - blood Diabetes. Impaired glucose tolerance Dietary Supplements Endocrine pancreas. Apud cells (diseases) Endocrinopathies Epidemiology Etiopathogenesis. Screening. Investigations. Target tissue resistance Feeding. Feeding behavior Female Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology Glutamate-Cysteine Ligase - pharmacology Glutathione Glutathione - biosynthesis Glutathione - blood Health aspects Hormones Humans Insulin - blood Insulin - metabolism Insulin Resistance Internal Medicine Male Medical sciences Medicine Medicine & Public Health Metabolic Diseases Micronutrients Middle Aged Monocytes - enzymology Original original-article Oxidative Stress - drug effects Physiological aspects Public Health Triglycerides Triglycerides - blood Type 2 diabetes Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems Vitamin D Vitamin D - blood Vitamin D - pharmacology Sulfur containing aminoacid Endocrinopathy Type 2 diabetes Human Target tissue resistance Thiol Cysteine Vitamin D Insulin resistance Metabolic diseases Blood
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Summary:	Background/Objectives: Vitamin D, L -cysteine (LC) and glutathione (GSH) levels are lower in the blood of diabetic patients. This study examined the hypothesis that the levels of vitamin D and LC correlate with those of GSH in the blood of type 2 diabetic patients (T2D), and that vitamin D and LC upregulate glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCLC), which catalyzes GSH biosynthesis, in cultured monocytes. Subjects/Methods: Fasting blood was obtained after written informed consent from T2D ( n =79) and healthy controls ( n =22). U937 monocytes were pretreated with 1,25 (OH) 2 vitamin D (0–25 n M ) or LC (0–500 μ M ) for 24 h and then exposed to control or high glucose (25 m M ) for 4 h. Results: Plasma levels of vitamin D, LC, GSH and GCLC protein were significantly lower in T2D versus those in age-matched healthy controls. Multiple linear regression analyses and adjustment for body weight showed a significant positive correlation between plasma levels of vitamin D ( r =0.26, P =0.05) and LC ( r =0.81, P =0.001) and that of GSH, and between LC and vitamin D ( r =0.27, P =0.045) levels. Plasma levels of GSH ( r =−0.34, P =0.01) and LC ( r =−0.33, r =0.01) showed a negative correlation with triglyceride levels. Vitamin D correlated inversely with HbA 1C (−0.30, P =0.01) and homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance ( r =−0.31, P =0.03), which showed a significant positive correlation with triglycerides ( r =0.44, P =0.001) in T2D. Cell culture studies demonstrate that supplementation with vitamin D and LC significantly increased GCLC expression and GSH formation in control and high-glucose-treated monocytes. Conclusions: This study suggests a positive relationship between the concentrations of the micronutrients vitamin D and LC and that of GSH. Some of the beneficial effects of vitamin D and LC supplementation may be mediated by an increase in the levels of GSH and a decrease in triglyceride levels in T2D patients.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23
ISSN:	0954-3007 1476-5640
DOI:	10.1038/ejcn.2014.114