Enhancing cancer immunotherapy: Exploring strategies to target the PD-1/PD-L1 axis and analyzing the associated patent, regulatory, and clinical trial landscape

[Display omitted] Cancer treatment modalities and their progression is guided by the specifics of cancer, including its type and site of localization. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the most often used conventional treatments. Conversely, emerging treatment techniques include immunotherapy...

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Published in:	European journal of pharmaceutics and biopharmaceutics Vol. 200; p. 114323
Main Authors:	Kirthiga Devi, S.S., Singh, Sidhartha, Joga, Ramesh, Patil, Sharvari Y., Meghana Devi, Vakalapudi, Chetan Dushantrao, Sabnis, Dwivedi, Falguni, Kumar, Gautam, Kumar Jindal, Deepak, Singh, Charan, Dhamija, Isha, Grover, Parul, Kumar, Sandeep
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01-07-2024
Subjects:	Immune checkpoint inhibitor Nanotechnology Regulatory perspectives Targeted drug delivery TMZ OXL TNFα BBB Immune checkpoint inhibitor NLCNs RNA aPD-1 IHC EPR TAT CDM TNF NF-κB Targeted drug delivery HSA CMC mTOR DOC TNBC WHO CUR RNAi Regulatory perspectives DOX MAPK PAMAM MMP USFDA PDAC PCL IAP FA ATRA Met NK PD-1 RIPON IRI NP PEAL CTLs CNT PPI Cas13a JAK/STAT NDAT EGFR PI3K/AKT IFN GBM NLS SNP TAMs PTX TPS PD-L1 miRNA TGF-β TLR SPION dMMR Patents APCs CRISPR PDT MSI NSCLC MGMT Tregs VEGF BMS ICB DLNP siRNA Anti-CTLA 4 GNPs ICD TME ECM ICI mAb BET REACH PEG PLGA α-PD-L1 PEI DNA NPCs VEGFR-1 API TILs scL Nanotechnology TGMS
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Summary:	[Display omitted] Cancer treatment modalities and their progression is guided by the specifics of cancer, including its type and site of localization. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the most often used conventional treatments. Conversely, emerging treatment techniques include immunotherapy, hormone therapy, anti-angiogenic therapy, dendritic cell-based immunotherapy, and stem cell therapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors’ anticancer properties have drawn considerable attention in recent studies in the cancer research domain. Programmed Cell Death Protein-1 (PD-1) and its ligand (PD-L1) checkpoint pathway are key regulators of the interactions between activated T-cells and cancer cells, protecting the latter from immune destruction. When the ligand PD-L1 attaches to the receptor PD-1, T-cells are prevented from destroying cells that contain PD-L1, including cancer cells. The PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors block them, boosting the immune response and strengthening the body’s defenses against tumors. Recent years have seen incredible progress and tremendous advancement in developing anticancer therapies using PD-1/PD-L1 targeting antibodies. While immune-related adverse effects and low response rates significantly limit these therapies, there is a need for research on methods that raise their efficacy and lower their toxicity. This review discusses various recent innovative nanomedicine strategies such as PLGA nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes and drug loaded liposomes to treat cancer targeting PD-1/PD-L1 axis. The biological implications of PD-1/PD-L1 in cancer treatment and the fundamentals of nanotechnology, focusing on the novel strategies used in nanomedicine, are widely discussed along with the corresponding guidelines, clinical trial status, and the patent landscape of such formulations.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 ObjectType-Review-3 content type line 23
ISSN:	0939-6411 1873-3441 1873-3441
DOI:	10.1016/j.ejpb.2024.114323