Submillimeter Coaxial Probes for Dielectric Spectroscopy of Liquids and Biological Materials

In this study, 0.2-mm radius open-ended coaxial probes were constructed and simulated, to measure reference materials and biological media from 1 to 40 GHz. A novel full-wave 3-D model using CST Microwave's frequency-domain solver is demonstrated and the CST example model is provided online to...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:	IEEE transactions on microwave theory and techniques Vol. 57; no. 12; pp. 3000 - 3010
Main Authors:	McLaughlin, B.L., Robertson, P.A.
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	New York, NY IEEE 01-12-2009 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
Subjects:	Aperture model Apertures Biological materials Biological system modeling biological tissue Calibration Coaxial components coaxial probe Conducting materials Dielectric liquids dielectric spectroscopy Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy Electromagnetic heating Exact sciences and technology General equipment and techniques heating hypodermic probe Instruments, apparatus, components and techniques common to several branches of physics and astronomy Monte Carlo Physics Probes Sensors (chemical, optical, electrical, movement, gas, etc.); remote sensing temperature Design criterion dielectric spectroscopy Digital simulation Measurement sensor coaxial probe Frequency domain method On-line systems Calibration Steady state Biological materials Aperture model Short circuit Three dimensional model Monte Carlo methods hypodermic probe Coaxial configuration Monte Carlo biological tissue Temperature effects Volume temperature heating Hyperthermia
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Summary:	In this study, 0.2-mm radius open-ended coaxial probes were constructed and simulated, to measure reference materials and biological media from 1 to 40 GHz. A novel full-wave 3-D model using CST Microwave's frequency-domain solver is demonstrated and the CST example model is provided online to accompany this paper. With this model, design parameters such as the minimum allowable flange radius, short circuit conductivity, and mechanical tolerances were investigated. In terms of measurements, a short-circuit across a tiny aperture was found to be unrepeatable; hence, a calibration technique using only reference liquids is demonstrated. At increasingly smaller radial dimensions, the aperture fields are absorbed by a proportionally smaller volume of material, resulting in microwave hyperthermia of the material. A 3-D and 1-D steady-state heat simulation is utilized to approximate the induced temperature change. Finally, a Monte Carlo technique is used to quantify the errors associated with the aperture models, calibration, and probe imperfections.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-2 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-1 content type line 23
ISSN:	0018-9480 1557-9670
DOI:	10.1109/TMTT.2009.2034222