The Vaccination of 35,000 Dogs in 20 Working Days Using Combined Static Point and Door-to-Door Methods in Blantyre, Malawi

An estimated 60,000 people die of rabies annually. The vast majority of cases of human rabies develop following a bite from an infected dog. Rabies can be controlled in both human and canine populations through widespread vaccination of dogs. Rabies is particularly problematic in Malawi, costing the...

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Published in:	PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol. 10; no. 7; p. e0004824
Main Authors:	Gibson, Andrew D, Handel, Ian G, Shervell, Kate, Roux, Tarryn, Mayer, Dagmar, Muyila, Stanford, Maruwo, Golden B, Nkhulungo, Edwin M S, Foster, Rachel A, Chikungwa, Patrick, Chimera, Bernard, Bronsvoort, Barend M deC, Mellanby, Richard J, Gamble, Luke
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Public Library of Science 14-07-2016 Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Subjects:	Analysis Animals Biology and Life Sciences Data collection Datasets Dog Diseases - epidemiology Dog Diseases - prevention & control Dog Diseases - virology Dogs Earth Sciences Engineering and Technology Fatalities Female Government finance Health aspects Humans Immunization Malawi - epidemiology Male Mass Vaccination - methods Medicine and Health Sciences Methods People and Places Population number Portable computers Rabies - epidemiology Rabies - prevention & control Rabies - veterinary Rabies - virology Rabies Vaccines - administration & dosage Social Sciences Tropical diseases Vaccination Vaccines Malawi Africa
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Summary:	An estimated 60,000 people die of rabies annually. The vast majority of cases of human rabies develop following a bite from an infected dog. Rabies can be controlled in both human and canine populations through widespread vaccination of dogs. Rabies is particularly problematic in Malawi, costing the country an estimated 13 million USD and 484 human deaths annually, with an increasing paediatric incidence in Blantyre City. Consequently, the aim of this study was to vaccinate a minimum of 75% of all the dogs within Blantyre city during a one month period. Blantyre's 25 administrative wards were divided into 204 working zones. For initial planning, a mean human:dog ratio from the literature enabled estimation of dog population size and dog surveys were then performed in 29 working zones in order to assess dog distribution by land type. Vaccination was conducted at static point stations at weekends, at a total of 44 sites, with each operating for an average of 1.3 days. On Monday to Wednesday, door-to-door vaccination sessions were undertaken in the areas surrounding the preceding static point stations. 23,442 dogs were vaccinated at static point stations and 11,774 dogs were vaccinated during door-to-door vaccinations. At the end of the 20 day vaccination programme, an assessment of vaccination coverage through door-to-door surveys found that of 10,919 dogs observed, 8,661 were vaccinated resulting in a vaccination coverage of 79.3% (95%CI 78.6-80.1%). The estimated human:dog ratio for Blantyre city was 18.1:1. Mobile technology facilitated the collection of data as well as efficient direction and coordination of vaccination teams in near real time. This study demonstrates the feasibility of vaccinating large numbers of dogs at a high vaccination coverage, over a short time period in a large African city.
Bibliography:	ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23 Conceived and designed the experiments: ADG KS TR DM RJM LG. Performed the experiments: ADG KS TR DM SM GBM RJM LG. Analyzed the data: ADG IGH RJM. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: ADG IGH KS TR DM SM GBM EMSN RAF PC BC BMB RJM LG. Wrote the paper: ADG IGH KS TR RJM LG. The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
ISSN:	1935-2735 1935-2727 1935-2735
DOI:	10.1371/journal.pntd.0004824