Mutations in GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 affect chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

• Premise of the study: Within plastids, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor molecule to several biochemical pathways including those that lead into the biosynthesis of caro...

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Published in:	American journal of botany Vol. 100; no. 10; pp. 2074 - 2084
Main Authors:	Ruppel, Nicholas J, Kropp, Kelsey N, Davis, Phillip A, Martin, Arielle E, Luesse, Darron R, Hangarter, Roger P
Format:	Journal Article
Language:	English
Published:	United States Botanical Society of America 01-10-2013 Botanical Society of America, Inc
Subjects:	Abscisic acid albino Alkyl and Aryl Transferases - chemistry Alkyl and Aryl Transferases - genetics Alkyl and Aryl Transferases - metabolism alleles Arabidopsis - drug effects Arabidopsis - enzymology Arabidopsis - genetics Arabidopsis Proteins - chemistry Arabidopsis Proteins - genetics Arabidopsis Proteins - metabolism Arabidopsis thaliana biochemical pathways Biochemistry Biosynthesis Brassicaceae carotenoids chlorophyll Chloroplasts Chloroplasts - drug effects Chloroplasts - metabolism diterpenoids Flowers & plants Flowers - drug effects Gene Expression Regulation, Plant - drug effects Germination - drug effects GGPS gibberellic acid Hypocotyl - drug effects Hypocotyl - growth & development isoprenoid leaves MEP pathway methylerythritol 4‐phosphate pathway mutants Mutation Mutation - genetics Phenotype photosynthesis Photosynthesis - drug effects Physiology and Biochemistry Pigments, Biological - metabolism Plant Growth Regulators - pharmacology Plant Leaves - cytology Plant Leaves - genetics Plastids point mutation Temperature transfer DNA variegation Arabidopsis thaliana GGPS MEP pathway methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway photosynthesis chlorophyll variegation Brassicaceae isoprenoid
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Summary:	• Premise of the study: Within plastids, geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase is a key enzyme in the isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the formation of geranylgeranyl diphosphate, a precursor molecule to several biochemical pathways including those that lead into the biosynthesis of carotenoids and abscisic acid, prenyllipids such as the chlorophylls, and diterpenes such as gibberellic acid.• Methods: We have identified mutants in the GERANYLGERANYL DIPHOSPHATE SYNTHASE 1 (GGPS1) gene, which encodes the major plastid-localized enzyme geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase in Arabidopsis thaliana.• Key results: Two T-DNA insertion mutant alleles (ggps1-2 and ggps1-3) were found to result in seedling-lethal albino and embryo-lethal phenotypes, respectively, indicating that GGPS1 is an essential gene. We also identified a temperature-sensitive leaf variegation mutant (ggps1-1) in A. thaliana that is caused by a point mutation. Total chlorophyll and carotenoid levels were reduced in ggps1-1 white tissues as compared with green tissues. Phenotypes typically associated with a reduction in gibberellic acid were not seen, suggesting that gibberellic acid biosynthesis is not noticeably altered in the mutant. In contrast to other variegated mutants, the ggps1-1 green sector photosynthetic rate was not elevated relative to wild-type tissues. Chloroplast development in green sectors of variegated leaves appeared normal, whereas cells in white sectors contained abnormal plastids with numerous electron translucent bodies and poorly developed internal membranes.• Conclusions: Our results indicate that GGPS1 is a key gene in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway.
Bibliography:	http://dx.doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1300124 The authors thank the following for support: U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐01ER15223 to R.P.H.), National Science Foundation (MCB‐0848083 to R.P.H.), Southern Illinois University Edwardsville (URCA to A.E.M. and D.R.L., RGGS to K.N.K. and D.R.L.) and Oberlin College (to N.J.R.). Present address: Randolph‐Macon College, Dept. of Biology, P.O. Box 5005, Ashland, VA 23005 USA ObjectType-Article-1 SourceType-Scholarly Journals-1 ObjectType-Feature-2 content type line 23
ISSN:	0002-9122 1537-2197
DOI:	10.3732/ajb.1300124